Quartz texture and the chemical composition fingerprint of ore-forming fluid evolution at the Bilihe porphyry Au deposit, NE China

IF 2.7 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS American Mineralogist Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI:10.2138/am-2022-8840
Jingxin Hong, Degao Zhai, Manuel Keith
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Abstract

Quartz is widely distributed in various magmatic-hydrothermal systems and shows variable textures and trace element contents in multiple generations, enabling quartz to serve as a robust tracer for monitoring hydrothermal fluid evolution. This study demonstrates that integrated high-resolution SEM-CL textures and trace element data of quartz can be used to constrain physicochemical fluid conditions and trace the genesis of quartz in porphyry ore-forming systems. The Bilihe deposit is a gold-only porphyry deposit located in the Central Asian orogenic belt, NE China. Four quartz generations were distinguished following a temporal sequence from early-stage dendritic quartz, unidirectional solidification textured quartz (UST quartz), gray banded vein quartz (BQ), to late-stage white calcite vein quartz (CQ), with the Au precipitation being mostly related to dendritic quartz, UST quartz, and BQ. The well-preserved dendritic quartz with sector-zoned CL intensities and euhedral oscillatory growth zones crystallized rapidly during the late magmatic stage. The relatively low Al contents of dendritic quartz were interpreted to be related to contemporaneous feldspar or mica crystallization, while the high-Ti contents indicate high-crystallization temperatures (~750 °C). The comb-layered UST quartz displays heterogeneous, patchy luminescence with weak zoning, hosts coeval melt and fluid inclusions, and retains the chemical characteristics of magmatic dendritic quartz. High-Ti and low-Al contents of UST quartz suggest a formation at relatively high temperatures (~700 °C) and high-pH conditions. Three sub-types can be defined for hydrothermal BQ (BQ1, BQ2, and BQ3) based on contrasting CL features and trace element contents. The Al contents increase from BQ1 to BQ2 followed by a drop in BQ3, corresponding to an initial decrease and subsequent increase in fluid acidity. Temperature estimates of BQ decrease from BQ1 (635 °C) to BQ3 (575 °C), which may, however, be disturbed by high growth rates and/or high-TiO2 activities. The CQ typically displays a CL-bright core and CL-dark rim with oscillating CL intensities and is characterized by the lowest Ti and highest Al, Li, and Sb contents compared to the other quartz types, which suggests a deposition from more acidic and lower temperature fluids (~250 °C). Trace element patterns indicate that a coupled Si4+ ↔ (Al3+) + (K+) element exchange vector is applicable to dendritic quartz, UST quartz, and BQ. By contrast, charge-compensated cation substitution of Si4+ ↔ (Al3+, Sb3+) + (Li+, Rb+) is favored for CQ. The comparison with compiled trace element data of quartz from other porphyry Au, Cu, and Mo deposits worldwide suggests that Ti, Al, Li, K, and Ge concentrations, as well as Al/Ti and Ge/Ti ratios, have the potential to discriminate the metal fertility of porphyry mineralization.
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中国东北碧流河斑岩型金矿床的石英纹理和成矿流体演化的化学成分指纹
石英广泛分布于各种岩浆-热液系统中,在多代中显示出不同的纹理和微量元素含量,使石英成为监测热液流体演化的可靠示踪剂。这项研究表明,石英的高分辨率 SEM-CL 纹理和痕量元素综合数据可用于制约物理化学流体条件,并追踪斑岩成矿系统中石英的成因。七里河矿床是位于中国东北中亚造山带的一个纯金斑岩矿床。按照早期树枝状石英、单向凝固纹理石英(UST石英)、灰色带状脉石英(BQ)和晚期白色方解石脉石英(CQ)的时间序列,区分了四代石英,金的析出主要与树枝状石英、UST石英和BQ有关。保存完好的树枝状石英在岩浆晚期迅速结晶,其CL强度呈扇形分带,并具有优面体振荡生长带。树枝状石英中相对较低的铝含量被解释为与同期的长石或云母结晶有关,而较高的钛含量则表明结晶温度较高(约 750 °C)。梳状层状UST石英显示出弱分带的异质、斑块状发光,含有共生熔体和流体包裹体,并保留了岩浆树枝状石英的化学特征。UST 石英的高钛含量和低铝含量表明,它是在相对较高的温度(约 700 °C)和高pH 条件下形成的。根据对比的 CL 特征和痕量元素含量,可为热液 BQ 定义三个子类型(BQ1、BQ2 和 BQ3)。从 BQ1 到 BQ2,Al 含量增加,而 BQ3 则下降,这与流体酸度的最初下降和随后上升相对应。BQ 的温度估计值从 BQ1(635 °C)下降到 BQ3(575 °C),但这可能受到高生长率和/或高二氧化钛活性的干扰。与其他石英类型相比,CQ 的典型特征是 Ti 含量最低,Al、Li 和 Sb 含量最高,这表明其沉积于酸性更强、温度更低(约 250 °C)的流体中。微量元素模式表明,Si4+ ↔ (Al3+) + (K+) 耦合元素交换矢量适用于树枝状石英、UST 石英和 BQ。与此相反,电荷补偿阳离子置换的 Si4+ ↔ (Al3+, Sb3+) + (Li+, Rb+) 则适用于 CQ。与全球其他斑岩型金、铜、钼矿床石英的微量元素数据汇编进行比较后发现,Ti、Al、Li、K、Ge 的浓度以及 Al/Ti 和 Ge/Ti 的比值有可能区分斑岩型矿化的金属富集度。
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来源期刊
American Mineralogist
American Mineralogist 地学-地球化学与地球物理
CiteScore
5.20
自引率
9.70%
发文量
276
审稿时长
1 months
期刊介绍: American Mineralogist: Journal of Earth and Planetary Materials (Am Min), is the flagship journal of the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA), continuously published since 1916. Am Min is home to some of the most important advances in the Earth Sciences. Our mission is a continuance of this heritage: to provide readers with reports on original scientific research, both fundamental and applied, with far reaching implications and far ranging appeal. Topics of interest cover all aspects of planetary evolution, and biological and atmospheric processes mediated by solid-state phenomena. These include, but are not limited to, mineralogy and crystallography, high- and low-temperature geochemistry, petrology, geofluids, bio-geochemistry, bio-mineralogy, synthetic materials of relevance to the Earth and planetary sciences, and breakthroughs in analytical methods of any of the aforementioned.
期刊最新文献
Quartz texture and the chemical composition fingerprint of ore-forming fluid evolution at the Bilihe porphyry Au deposit, NE China Acceptance of the 2023 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America Presentation of the 2023 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America to Georges Calas Presentation of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2023 to Shaunna M. Morrison Acceptance of the Distinguished Public Service Award of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2024
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