Natural waste-based graphene nanomembranes for improving salt concentrated brackish water desalination: a mini review

Abstract

Membrane technology is promising route in converting brackish water into freshwater via the removal of salt and salt ions. Natural waste-based nanomembranes provide preferable properties to resolve salt-based issues and is still not yet acknowledged. Therefore, it is global need for the researchers to optimize such type of materials and corresponding technique which can promote the rectification of this global water-based issues. This review provides a comprehensive and scientific approach regarding the potential fabrication of natural waste-based graphene nanomembranes used for the removal of salt and salt ions from brackish water. The removal mechanism is concisely discussed, which reveals the overall transport of salt and salt ions onto membrane surface in correlation with the acceptor sites of membrane surface and its selectivity process. Furthermore, the limitations, challenges, and future perspectives of natural waste-based graphene nanomembranes are briefly presented.