{"title":"Oxygen Vacancy-Enriched CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> for Electrochemically Sensitive Detection of the Breast Cancer CD44 Biomarker.","authors":"Abudulitifujiang Abuduhelili, Rongling Chen, Jian Sun, Yingchun Bu, Dongfeng Yin, Gairu Li, Xiangtong Meng, Jinfeng Zeng","doi":"10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01496","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enhancing the selectivity of detection methods is essential to distinguish breast cancer biomarker cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) from other species and reduce false-positive or false-negative results. Here, oxygen vacancy-enriched CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4-<i>x</i></sub>) was crafted, and its implementation as an electrochemical electrode for the detection of CD44 biomarkers has been scrutinized. This unique electrode material offers significant benefits and novel features that enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of the detection process. The oxygen vacancy density of CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4-<i>x</i></sub> was tuned by adjusting the mass ratios of iron to cobalt precursors (iron-cobalt ratio) and changing annealing atmospheres. Electrochemical characterization reveals that, when the iron-cobalt ratio is 1:0.54 and the annealing atmosphere is nitrogen, the as-synthesized CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4-<i>x</i></sub> electrode manifests the best electrochemical activity. The CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4-<i>x</i></sub> electrode demonstrates high sensitivity (28.22 μA (ng mL)<sup>-1</sup> cm<sup>-2</sup>), low detection limit (0.033 pg mL<sup>-1</sup>), and robust stability (for 11 days). Oxygen vacancies can not only enhance the conductivities of CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> but also provide better adsorption of -NH<sub>2</sub>, which is beneficial for stability and electrochemical detection performance. The electrochemical detection signal can be amplified using CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4-<i>x</i></sub> as a signal probe. Additionally, it is promising to know that the CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4-<i>x</i></sub> electrode has shown good accuracy in real biological samples, including melanoma cell dilutions and breast cancer patient sera. The electrochemical detection results are comparable to ELISA results, which indicates that the CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4-<i>x</i></sub> electrode can detect CD44 in complex biological samples. The utilization of CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4-<i>x</i></sub> as the signal probe may expand the application of CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4-<i>x</i></sub> in biosensing fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":50,"journal":{"name":"Langmuir","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7000,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Langmuir","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01496","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Enhancing the selectivity of detection methods is essential to distinguish breast cancer biomarker cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) from other species and reduce false-positive or false-negative results. Here, oxygen vacancy-enriched CoFe2O4 (CoFe2O4-x) was crafted, and its implementation as an electrochemical electrode for the detection of CD44 biomarkers has been scrutinized. This unique electrode material offers significant benefits and novel features that enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of the detection process. The oxygen vacancy density of CoFe2O4-x was tuned by adjusting the mass ratios of iron to cobalt precursors (iron-cobalt ratio) and changing annealing atmospheres. Electrochemical characterization reveals that, when the iron-cobalt ratio is 1:0.54 and the annealing atmosphere is nitrogen, the as-synthesized CoFe2O4-x electrode manifests the best electrochemical activity. The CoFe2O4-x electrode demonstrates high sensitivity (28.22 μA (ng mL)-1 cm-2), low detection limit (0.033 pg mL-1), and robust stability (for 11 days). Oxygen vacancies can not only enhance the conductivities of CoFe2O4 but also provide better adsorption of -NH2, which is beneficial for stability and electrochemical detection performance. The electrochemical detection signal can be amplified using CoFe2O4-x as a signal probe. Additionally, it is promising to know that the CoFe2O4-x electrode has shown good accuracy in real biological samples, including melanoma cell dilutions and breast cancer patient sera. The electrochemical detection results are comparable to ELISA results, which indicates that the CoFe2O4-x electrode can detect CD44 in complex biological samples. The utilization of CoFe2O4-x as the signal probe may expand the application of CoFe2O4-x in biosensing fields.
期刊介绍:
Langmuir is an interdisciplinary journal publishing articles in the following subject categories:
Colloids: surfactants and self-assembly, dispersions, emulsions, foams
Interfaces: adsorption, reactions, films, forces
Biological Interfaces: biocolloids, biomolecular and biomimetic materials
Materials: nano- and mesostructured materials, polymers, gels, liquid crystals
Electrochemistry: interfacial charge transfer, charge transport, electrocatalysis, electrokinetic phenomena, bioelectrochemistry
Devices and Applications: sensors, fluidics, patterning, catalysis, photonic crystals
However, when high-impact, original work is submitted that does not fit within the above categories, decisions to accept or decline such papers will be based on one criteria: What Would Irving Do?
Langmuir ranks #2 in citations out of 136 journals in the category of Physical Chemistry with 113,157 total citations. The journal received an Impact Factor of 4.384*.
This journal is also indexed in the categories of Materials Science (ranked #1) and Multidisciplinary Chemistry (ranked #5).