The spatiotemporal profile and adaptation determine the joint effects and interactions of multiple stressors

IF 6 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Environmental Sciences Europe Pub Date : 2024-06-21 DOI:10.1186/s12302-024-00945-2
Lucas Streib, Jurg W. Spaak, Marius Kloft, Ralf B. Schäfer
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Abstract

Background

Biodiversity is declining worldwide as ecosystems are increasingly threatened by multiple stressors associated with anthropogenic global change. Stressors frequently co-occur across scales spatially and temporally, resulting in joint effects that are additive or non-additive, i.e., antagonism or synergism. Forecasting and counteracting threats from intensifying stressors requires improved mechanistic understanding of joint effects, which is currently relatively low. To date, research on multiple stressors has been biased toward simplified scenarios, emphasized classification of interactions over realized joint effects, and mostly ignored adaptation (i.e., phenotypic plasticity or evolving life-history traits) of organisms. To investigate if more a realistic scenarios design incorporating complex spatiotemporal stressor profiles and adaption change joint effects and interactions of multiple stressors compared to simplified scenarios, we modified a spatially explicit meta-population model for a generic freshwater insect. We used the model to simulate different, hypothetical spatiotemporal profiles of a continuous and a discrete stressor and evaluated their joint effects and interactions. Agricultural land use represented the continuous stressor impacting meta-population patch quality and network connectivity and related scenarios implied different trajectories. Climatic events represented the discrete stressor impacting all patches simultaneously by temporary mortality events, with related scenarios implying different event severity. Adaptation mitigated the effects of climatic events based on previous events.

Results

Excluding adaptation, we found that at higher levels of the discrete stressor (i.e., strong and frequent climatic events) it strongly dominates the joint effects, while at a low level (i.e., weak and infrequent climatic events) of the discrete stressor, the continuous stressor (i.e., land use) dominates. Yet, the continuous stressor always defined the interaction type, with decreasing land use stress leading to antagonism, and increasing land use stress leading to synergism. Adaptation reduced joint effects under decreasing land use stress, yet had little compensatory influence under increasing land use stress. Moreover, adaptation changed interaction sizes inconsistently across the different land use and climate scenarios, with change depending on the climate scenario. Here, interactions decreased in the moderate scenario but increased in the severe and intense scenarios.

Conclusions

We highlight that realistic stressor scenarios accounting for potential adaptation are critical for a mechanistic understanding of how species respond to global change. To our knowledge, this is the first modeling study to show that stressor interactions depend on complex spatiotemporal stressor profiles and adaptation, following general principles.

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时空分布和适应性决定了多种压力的共同影响和相互作用
背景随着生态系统日益受到与人为全球变化相关的多种压力因素的威胁,全球范围内的生物多样性正在下降。压力源经常在不同时空尺度上同时出现,从而产生相加或非相加的联合效应,即拮抗或协同效应。要预测和抵御日益加剧的压力源所带来的威胁,就必须提高对联合效应的机理认识,而目前对联合效应的认识还相对较少。迄今为止,有关多重压力源的研究都偏向于简化情景,强调相互作用的分类而不是实现联合效应,而且大多忽视了生物的适应性(即表型可塑性或不断演化的生命史特征)。为了研究与简化情景相比,包含复杂时空应激源概况和适应性的更现实情景设计是否会改变多种应激源的联合效应和相互作用,我们修改了一种一般淡水昆虫的空间显式元种群模型。我们利用该模型模拟了一个连续和一个离散压力源的不同假设时空分布,并评估了它们的共同效应和相互作用。农业用地的使用代表了影响元种群斑块质量和网络连通性的连续性压力源,相关情景意味着不同的轨迹。气候事件是离散的压力源,通过暂时性死亡事件同时影响所有斑块,相关情景意味着不同的事件严重程度。结果我们发现,在离散压力源水平较高(即气候事件强烈且频繁)时,离散压力源在联合效应中占主导地位;而在离散压力源水平较低(即气候事件较弱且不频繁)时,连续压力源(即土地利用)则占主导地位。然而,连续应激源始终决定着相互作用的类型,土地利用应激源的减少会导致拮抗作用,而土地利用应激源的增加则会导致协同作用。在土地利用压力减小的情况下,适应性降低了联合效应,但在土地利用压力增大的情况下,适应性几乎没有补偿性影响。此外,在不同的土地利用和气候情景下,适应对相互作用大小的改变并不一致,其变化取决于气候情景。我们强调,考虑到潜在适应的现实压力情景对于从机制上理解物种如何应对全球变化至关重要。据我们所知,这是首次建模研究表明,压力因子的相互作用取决于复杂的压力因子时空分布和适应性,并遵循了一般原则。
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来源期刊
Environmental Sciences Europe
Environmental Sciences Europe Environmental Science-Pollution
CiteScore
11.20
自引率
1.70%
发文量
110
审稿时长
13 weeks
期刊介绍: ESEU is an international journal, focusing primarily on Europe, with a broad scope covering all aspects of environmental sciences, including the main topic regulation. ESEU will discuss the entanglement between environmental sciences and regulation because, in recent years, there have been misunderstandings and even disagreement between stakeholders in these two areas. ESEU will help to improve the comprehension of issues between environmental sciences and regulation. ESEU will be an outlet from the German-speaking (DACH) countries to Europe and an inlet from Europe to the DACH countries regarding environmental sciences and regulation. Moreover, ESEU will facilitate the exchange of ideas and interaction between Europe and the DACH countries regarding environmental regulatory issues. Although Europe is at the center of ESEU, the journal will not exclude the rest of the world, because regulatory issues pertaining to environmental sciences can be fully seen only from a global perspective.
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