Kevin Gleason, Francesco Carbone, Alessandro Gomez
{"title":"An easy but quantitative assessment of soot production rate and its dependence on temperature and pressure","authors":"Kevin Gleason, Francesco Carbone, Alessandro Gomez","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2024.105292","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The challenge of soot emission persists in combustion research due to the complexities of tracking the crucial stages of growth from fuel to soot nuclei and ultimately mature particles. Studying soot formation in flames often requires a sophisticated approach, involving detailed measurements of gaseous soot precursors and soot particles using multiple complementary diagnostics. On the other end of the spectrum of studies are simpler methods that capture the sooting tendency using a single index, akin to the cetane number in compression ignition engines and the octane number in spark ignition engines. This article seeks a middle ground, aiming to the soot production rate while maintaining the simplicity of single-index characterizations. The approach involves establishing counterflow diffusion flames, measuring soot volume fraction through pyrometry, and accurately computing velocity and temperature profiles using a commercial code. These data allow for the quantification of the production rate from the soot governing equation. The methodology is applied to counterflow ethylene diffusion flames to examine the temperature dependence of the soot production rate across peak temperatures varying by several hundred degrees and pressures in the 1–32 atm range. The soot production rate per unit flame area falls within the range of 10–10 g/(cms) range and, when normalized with respect to the carbon flux, it ranges between 10 and nearly 10. On a logarithmic scale, it linearly correlates with the peak temperature at a fixed pressure. Although this study deals only with flames of ethylene, the approach can be generalized to any fuel. The resulting database should be valuable not only for industry practitioners but also to the scientific community for the global validation of detailed soot models.","PeriodicalId":408,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3000,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2024.105292","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENERGY & FUELS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The challenge of soot emission persists in combustion research due to the complexities of tracking the crucial stages of growth from fuel to soot nuclei and ultimately mature particles. Studying soot formation in flames often requires a sophisticated approach, involving detailed measurements of gaseous soot precursors and soot particles using multiple complementary diagnostics. On the other end of the spectrum of studies are simpler methods that capture the sooting tendency using a single index, akin to the cetane number in compression ignition engines and the octane number in spark ignition engines. This article seeks a middle ground, aiming to the soot production rate while maintaining the simplicity of single-index characterizations. The approach involves establishing counterflow diffusion flames, measuring soot volume fraction through pyrometry, and accurately computing velocity and temperature profiles using a commercial code. These data allow for the quantification of the production rate from the soot governing equation. The methodology is applied to counterflow ethylene diffusion flames to examine the temperature dependence of the soot production rate across peak temperatures varying by several hundred degrees and pressures in the 1–32 atm range. The soot production rate per unit flame area falls within the range of 10–10 g/(cms) range and, when normalized with respect to the carbon flux, it ranges between 10 and nearly 10. On a logarithmic scale, it linearly correlates with the peak temperature at a fixed pressure. Although this study deals only with flames of ethylene, the approach can be generalized to any fuel. The resulting database should be valuable not only for industry practitioners but also to the scientific community for the global validation of detailed soot models.
期刊介绍:
The Proceedings of the Combustion Institute contains forefront contributions in fundamentals and applications of combustion science. For more than 50 years, the Combustion Institute has served as the peak international society for dissemination of scientific and technical research in the combustion field. In addition to author submissions, the Proceedings of the Combustion Institute includes the Institute''s prestigious invited strategic and topical reviews that represent indispensable resources for emergent research in the field. All papers are subjected to rigorous peer review.
Research papers and invited topical reviews; Reaction Kinetics; Soot, PAH, and other large molecules; Diagnostics; Laminar Flames; Turbulent Flames; Heterogeneous Combustion; Spray and Droplet Combustion; Detonations, Explosions & Supersonic Combustion; Fire Research; Stationary Combustion Systems; IC Engine and Gas Turbine Combustion; New Technology Concepts
The electronic version of Proceedings of the Combustion Institute contains supplemental material such as reaction mechanisms, illustrating movies, and other data.