Early detection of hypo/hyperglycemia using microneedles electrode array-based biosensor for glucose ultrasensitive monitoring in interstitial fluid

Abstract

Diabetes is a common chronic metabolic disease with a wide range of clinical symptoms and consequences and one of the main causes of death. For the management of diabetes, painless and continuous interstitial fluid (ISF) glucose monitoring is ideal. Here, we demonstrate the continuous diabetes monitoring using an integrated microneedles (MNs) biosensor with emergency alert system. MN is a novel technique in the field of biomedical engineering because of its ability to analyze bioinformation with minimal invasion. In this work we developed a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) based MNs glucose sensor. The device was produced by 3D printing technique, microfabrication, electrodeposition, and enzyme immobilization step. \color{blue} The in vitro test for the glucose MN sensor showed a linear range from 1.5 to 14 mM with a sensitivity of 1.51 $\mu$A/mM, limit of detection (LOD) of 0.35 mM and a good selectivity \color{black}. Highly repeatable sensing is observed with good reproducibility. The interference-free detection of glucose in the presence of physiologically relevant concentrations of ascorbic acid, uric acid, and mannose is demonstrated, along with the operational stability of the array. After resolving the biofouling consequences linked to on-body sensing, this MN platform would be appealing for \color{red} minimally invasive \color{black} electrochemical glucose monitoring. An alert is sent to confidants via email or SMS when these values are abnormal. The application is also able to display the recorded values in the form of a graph to help determine the state of health of the user over a period of time. It can be ended up that continuous monitoring and an emergency alert system is important for keeping an eye on diabetic patients and can alert in case of an abnormal situation of the patient.