A Nanostructured Phenazine-based Conjugated Microporous Polymer Hybrid Anode Boosts Power and Practicability of Organic-Manganese Hydronium-ion Batteries

Abstract

Organic-manganese hydronium-ion batteries are gaining attention for their safety, sustainability, and high rate capabilities. However, their electrochemical performance faces challenges due to organic active-materials' inferior properties, including low conductivity and solubility, and limited content (<60 wt%) and loading (<2 mg/cm2) in the anode. To address this, we developed a high-performance battery using a phenazine-based conjugated microporous polymer hybrid anode (IEP-27-SR), utilizing hydronium-ion coordination/un-coordination chemistry. The IEP-27-SR features enhanced structural characteristics, such as high BET specific surface area, mixed micro-/mesoporosity, nanostructurization, and hybridization, enabling rapid hydronium-ion mobility. The resulting IEP-27-SR//MnO2@GF full-cell demonstrates high capacity (101 mAh/g at 2C), excellent rate performance (41 mAh/g at 100C), ultrafast-charging capability (80% charged in 18 seconds), and impressive cyclability with 83% capacity retention over 20400 cycles at 30C with a regular polymer mass loading of 2 mg/cm2, despite its high content (80 wt%) in the anode. Moreover, it shows operability at low temperatures (63 mAh/g at -40 ºC). Most importantly, full-cell with a high-mass-loading polymer anode (30 mg/cm2) achieves practically relevant areal capacity (3.4 mAh/cm2 at 4 mA/cm2) and sustains 2 mAh/cm2 under an extremely high areal current (50 mA/cm2). This breakthrough highlights the progress of organic hydronium-ion batteries, representing progress toward practical battery solutions