{"title":"Stretch-independent magnetization in incompressible isotropic hard magnetorheological elastomers","authors":"Kostas Danas , Pedro M. Reis","doi":"10.1016/j.jmps.2024.105764","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent studies on magnetically hard, particle-filled magnetorheological elastomers (<span><math><mi>h</mi></math></span>-MREs) have revealed their stretch-independent magnetization response after full pre-magnetization. We discuss this phenomenon, focusing on incompressible, isotropic, particle-filled <span><math><mi>h</mi></math></span>-MREs. We demonstrate that the fully dissipative model of Mukherjee et al. (2021) for arbitrary loads can be reduced, under physically consistent assumptions, to the energetic model of Yan et al. (2023), but not that of Zhao et al. (2019). The latter two are valid for small magnetic fields around an already <em>known</em> pre-magnetized state. When the pre-magnetized <span><math><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>−</mo></mrow></math></span>MRE undergoes non-negligible stretching, the Zhao et al. (2019) model yields predictions that disagree with experiments due to its inherent stretch-dependent magnetization response. In contrast, the Mukherjee et al. (2021) and Yan et al. (2023) models are able to accurately capture this important feature present in pre-stretched <span><math><mi>h</mi></math></span>-MREs. However, for inextensible slender structures under bending deformation, where stretching is negligible, the Zhao et al. (2019) model provides satisfactory predictions despite its underlying assumptions. Our analysis reveals that, in the fully dissipative model, magnetization can be related to an internal variable but cannot be formally used as one, except for ideal magnets, and is subject to constitutive assumptions. Furthermore, the magnetization vector alone is insufficient to describe the magnetic response of an MRE solid; the introduction of one of the original Maxwell fields is necessary for a complete representation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17331,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022509624002308/pdfft?md5=bf401d1b9e2820ea7e825bca43ff6d28&pid=1-s2.0-S0022509624002308-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022509624002308","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Recent studies on magnetically hard, particle-filled magnetorheological elastomers (-MREs) have revealed their stretch-independent magnetization response after full pre-magnetization. We discuss this phenomenon, focusing on incompressible, isotropic, particle-filled -MREs. We demonstrate that the fully dissipative model of Mukherjee et al. (2021) for arbitrary loads can be reduced, under physically consistent assumptions, to the energetic model of Yan et al. (2023), but not that of Zhao et al. (2019). The latter two are valid for small magnetic fields around an already known pre-magnetized state. When the pre-magnetized MRE undergoes non-negligible stretching, the Zhao et al. (2019) model yields predictions that disagree with experiments due to its inherent stretch-dependent magnetization response. In contrast, the Mukherjee et al. (2021) and Yan et al. (2023) models are able to accurately capture this important feature present in pre-stretched -MREs. However, for inextensible slender structures under bending deformation, where stretching is negligible, the Zhao et al. (2019) model provides satisfactory predictions despite its underlying assumptions. Our analysis reveals that, in the fully dissipative model, magnetization can be related to an internal variable but cannot be formally used as one, except for ideal magnets, and is subject to constitutive assumptions. Furthermore, the magnetization vector alone is insufficient to describe the magnetic response of an MRE solid; the introduction of one of the original Maxwell fields is necessary for a complete representation.
期刊介绍:
The aim of Journal of The Mechanics and Physics of Solids is to publish research of the highest quality and of lasting significance on the mechanics of solids. The scope is broad, from fundamental concepts in mechanics to the analysis of novel phenomena and applications. Solids are interpreted broadly to include both hard and soft materials as well as natural and synthetic structures. The approach can be theoretical, experimental or computational.This research activity sits within engineering science and the allied areas of applied mathematics, materials science, bio-mechanics, applied physics, and geophysics.
The Journal was founded in 1952 by Rodney Hill, who was its Editor-in-Chief until 1968. The topics of interest to the Journal evolve with developments in the subject but its basic ethos remains the same: to publish research of the highest quality relating to the mechanics of solids. Thus, emphasis is placed on the development of fundamental concepts of mechanics and novel applications of these concepts based on theoretical, experimental or computational approaches, drawing upon the various branches of engineering science and the allied areas within applied mathematics, materials science, structural engineering, applied physics, and geophysics.
The main purpose of the Journal is to foster scientific understanding of the processes of deformation and mechanical failure of all solid materials, both technological and natural, and the connections between these processes and their underlying physical mechanisms. In this sense, the content of the Journal should reflect the current state of the discipline in analysis, experimental observation, and numerical simulation. In the interest of achieving this goal, authors are encouraged to consider the significance of their contributions for the field of mechanics and the implications of their results, in addition to describing the details of their work.