Land use and land cover patterns as a reflection of subsurface architecture groundwater quality in a large urban center (Varanasi) in the Ganges river basin, India

IF 4.9 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Groundwater for Sustainable Development Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI:10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101271
Oindrila Bose , Prerona Das , Ashok Shaw , Mrinal K. Layek , Martin Smith , Joy Sen , Probal Sengupta , Abhijit Mukherjee
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Abstract

Varanasi is an exponentially developing city in the Himalayan-sourced Ganges river basin. To understand the sustainable groundwater-sourced drinking water in Varanasi, it is essential to study the land use-land cover that reflects the surface geomorphology vis-a-vis sub-surface geology, and influence groundwater conditions. We incorporate lithological and groundwater data obtained from an extensive network of boreholes in and around the city at 110 sites, reaching a maximum depth of 100 m below ground level (bgl). The unconsolidated subsurface are primarily composed of sand, silt, clay, and gravel where, silty clay layer. Groundwater quality and stresses were determined through multi-dimensional hydrogeological approaches. The data were analyzed through multivariate statistics (Principal Component Analyses to identify the governing factor influencing the broad hydrogeochemistry. PC1 for urban areas has higher loading values for Fe, Cl compared to Semi-urban areas highlighting contamination by municipal wastewater. PC2 for urban areas shows higher loading values for Mg2+ and HCO3 compared to semi-urban areas. Due to heavy urbanization in Varanasi, the aquifer suffers substantial groundwater abstraction during particular times of the day compared to the agricultural lands. An increase of about 9% in built-up areas within a span of 10 years (2012–2022) poses a threat to the aquifer system of our study area, jeopardizing access to sustainable drinking water. With the expansion of urbanization and unregulated groundwater extraction, the vulnerability of the aquifer system will probably increase in the foreseeable future. Implementation of sustainable water management policies, engaging all economic sectors of the population in Varanasi, can expedite the process and safeguard the aquifer from attaining its emerging vulnerability. Thus, comprehending evolving groundwater risks through non-invasive methods like that discussed in the present study, holds significant promise for effectively targeting safe groundwater availability in future.

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反映印度恒河流域一个大型城市中心(瓦拉纳西)地下建筑地下水质量的土地利用和土地覆盖模式
瓦拉纳西是喜马拉雅山脉源头恒河流域的一个快速发展城市。要了解瓦拉纳西的可持续地下水饮用水来源,就必须研究土地利用和土地覆盖情况,这反映了地表地貌与地下地质的关系,并对地下水条件产生影响。我们结合了从该市及其周边 110 个地点的广泛钻孔网络中获得的岩性和地下水数据,最大深度达到地下 100 米(bgl)。未固结地下主要由砂、粉砂、粘土和砾石组成,其中有淤泥质粘土层。地下水的水质和压力是通过多维水文地质方法确定的。通过多变量统计(主成分分析)对数据进行了分析,以确定影响广义水文地质化学的主要因素。与半城市地区相比,城市地区 PC1 的铁、Cl- 负荷值较高,这突出表明受到城市污水的污染。与半城市地区相比,城市地区的 PC2 显示出更高的 Mg2+ 和 HCO3- 负载值。由于瓦拉纳西的城市化程度很高,与农田相比,含水层在一天中的特定时间段会被大量抽取地下水。在 10 年内(2012-2022 年),建成区面积将增加约 9%,这对我们研究地区的含水层系统构成威胁,危及可持续饮用水的获取。随着城市化的扩张和地下水开采的无序进行,在可预见的未来,含水层系统的脆弱性可能会加剧。实施可持续的水资源管理政策,让瓦拉纳西所有经济部门的居民都参与进来,可以加快这一进程,并保护含水层,使其不再变得脆弱。因此,通过非侵入性方法(如本研究中讨论的方法)了解不断变化的地下水风险,为今后有效地确定安全的地下水供应目标带来了巨大希望。
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来源期刊
Groundwater for Sustainable Development
Groundwater for Sustainable Development Social Sciences-Geography, Planning and Development
CiteScore
11.50
自引率
10.20%
发文量
152
期刊介绍: Groundwater for Sustainable Development is directed to different stakeholders and professionals, including government and non-governmental organizations, international funding agencies, universities, public water institutions, public health and other public/private sector professionals, and other relevant institutions. It is aimed at professionals, academics and students in the fields of disciplines such as: groundwater and its connection to surface hydrology and environment, soil sciences, engineering, ecology, microbiology, atmospheric sciences, analytical chemistry, hydro-engineering, water technology, environmental ethics, economics, public health, policy, as well as social sciences, legal disciplines, or any other area connected with water issues. The objectives of this journal are to facilitate: • The improvement of effective and sustainable management of water resources across the globe. • The improvement of human access to groundwater resources in adequate quantity and good quality. • The meeting of the increasing demand for drinking and irrigation water needed for food security to contribute to a social and economically sound human development. • The creation of a global inter- and multidisciplinary platform and forum to improve our understanding of groundwater resources and to advocate their effective and sustainable management and protection against contamination. • Interdisciplinary information exchange and to stimulate scientific research in the fields of groundwater related sciences and social and health sciences required to achieve the United Nations Millennium Development Goals for sustainable development.
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