Development of Granzyme B-targeted Smart Positron Emission Tomography Probes for Monitoring Tumor Early Response to Immunotherapy

Abstract

Granzyme B is an immune-related biomarker that closely correlates with cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and hence detecting the expression level of granzyme B can provide a dependable scheme for clinical immune response assessment. In this study, two positron emission tomography (PET) probes [¹⁸F]SF-M-14 and [¹⁸F]SF-H-14 targeting granzyme B are designed based on the intramolecular cyclization scaffold SF. [¹⁸F]SF-M-14 and [¹⁸F]SF-H-14 can respond to granzyme B and glutathione (GSH) to conduct intramolecular cyclization and self-assemble into nanoaggregates to enhance the retention of probe at the target site. Both probes are prepared with high radiochemical purity (>98%) and high stability in PBS and mouse serum. In 4T1 cells cocultured with T lymphocytes, [¹⁸F]SF-M-14 and [¹⁸F]SF-H-14 reach the maximum uptake of 6.71 ± 0.29 and 3.47 ± 0.09% ID/mg at 0.5 h, respectively, but they remain below 1.95 ± 0.22 and 1.47 ± 0.21% ID/mg in 4T1 cells without coculture of T lymphocytes. In vivo PET imaging shows that the tumor uptake in 4T1-tumor-bearing mice after immunotherapy is significantly higher (3.5 times) than that in the untreated group. The maximum tumor uptake of [¹⁸F]SF-M-14 and [¹⁸F]SF-H-14 in the mice treated with BEC was 4.08 ± 0.16 and 3.43 ± 0.12% ID/g, respectively, while that in the untreated mice was 1.04 ± 0.79 and 1.41 ± 0.11% ID/g, respectively. These results indicate that both probes have great potential in the early evaluation of clinical immunotherapy efficacy.