Engineered feature embeddings meet deep learning: A novel strategy to improve bone marrow cell classification and model transparency

Abstract

Cytomorphology evaluation of bone marrow cell is the initial step to diagnose different hematological diseases. This assessment is still manually performed by trained specialists, who may be a bottleneck within the clinical process. Deep learning algorithms are a promising approach to automate this bone marrow cell evaluation. These artificial intelligence models have focused on limited cell subtypes, mainly associated to a particular disease, and are frequently presented as black boxes. The herein introduced strategy presents an engineered feature representation, the region-attention embedding, which improves the deep learning classification performance of a cytomorphology with 21 bone marrow cell subtypes. This embedding is built upon a specific organization of cytology features within a squared matrix by distributing them after pre-segmented cell regions, i.e., cytoplasm, nucleus, and whole-cell. This novel cell image representation, aimed to preserve spatial/regional relations, is used as input of the network. Combination of region-attention embedding and deep learning networks (Xception and ResNet50) provides local relevance associated to image regions, adding up interpretable information to the prediction. Additionally, this approach is evaluated in a public database with the largest number of cell subtypes (21) by a thorough evaluation scheme with three iterations of a 3-fold cross-validation, performed in 80% of the images (n = 89,484), and a testing process in an unseen set of images composed by the remaining 20% of the images (n = 22,371). This evaluation process demonstrates the introduced strategy outperforms previously published approaches in an equivalent validation set, with a f1-score of 0.82, and presented competitive results on the unseen data partition with a f1-score of 0.56.