A Conceptual Framework of the Factor Influencing Democratic Citizenship in Civic Education

Abstract

Politicians and scientists all over the world agree that democracy requires educated citizens. However, controversies exist around the issue of what kind of education befits democracy. Civic education is a vehicle to sustain and develop democracy. It is important for creating democratic citizens and supporting the democratic machinery. However, what competencies should be taught in citizenship education that support the formation of democratic citizens is currently still under debate by scholars. In this study, 10 relevant articles were selected from the SCOPUS database using the PRISMA method to discuss the theme in question. It was found that there are five competencies, namely knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, and behavior that must be studied in citizenship education to form democratic citizens, along with their respective indicators. Each indicator has further explanation so that it can be applied in civic education learning. Keywords: democratic citizenship. civic education, conceptual framework