Spatial patterns of human–long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) conflicts in Java Island: A comparison of two secondary data sources

Abstract

Human–macaque conflicts present a significant obstacle to conservation and management efforts in Indonesia. Long-tailed macaques, a species increasingly in conflict with humans, are often regarded as pests due to behaviors such as occasional raiding on agricultural land. This study aims to offer comprehensive insights into these conflicts by comparing data from two different sources and analyzing their spatial patterns to identify regions with significant conflict occurrences. Official records show a larger quantity of data, while online news supplements this. However, official records data quality varies, with diverse data formats and collection methods, whereas online news data consistently provide accessible information over a longer period. Both sources exhibit similar global spatial statistical patterns, indicating significant clustering. Local autocorrelation analysis identifies hotspot areas primarily at the borders of Yogyakarta, Central Java, and East Java. Discrepancies between the sources are evident in the High-Low class and the lack of clustering patterns in the western part of Java Island in official records. Despite similar spatial patterns, official records do not fully reflect the actual human–macaque conflict. Standardized methods and interview surveys are crucial for accurately assessing this conflict. Citizen science offers the potential for long-term wildlife monitoring, requiring systematic collaboration among stakeholders to mobilize experienced volunteers.