Atomically precise inorganic helices with a programmable irrational twist

Abstract

Helicity in solids often arises from the precise ordering of cooperative intra- and intermolecular interactions unique to natural, organic or molecular systems. This exclusivity limited the realization of helicity and its ensuing properties in dense inorganic solids. Here we report that Ga atoms in GaSeI, a representative III–VI–VII one-dimensional (1D) van der Waals crystal, manifest the rare Boerdijk–Coxeter helix motif. This motif is a non-repeating geometric pattern characterized by 1D face-sharing tetrahedra whose adjacent vertices are rotated by an irrational angle. Using InSeI and GaSeI, we show that the modularity of 1D van der Waals lattices accommodates the systematic twisting of a periodic tetrahelix with a 41 screw axis in InSeI to an infinitely extending Boerdijk–Coxeter helix in GaSeI. GaSeI crystals are non-centrosymmetric, optically active and exfoliable to a single chain. These results present a materials platform towards understanding the origin and physical manifestation of aperiodic helicity in low-dimensional solids. Helical motifs in dense inorganic solids have remained exceedingly scarce. Now a type of 1D van der Waals helical crystal, GaSeI, is presented that manifests the rare quasi-periodic Boerdijk–Coxeter helix motif.