A Tutorial on Chirp Spread Spectrum Modulation for LoRaWAN: Basics and Key Advances

IF 6.3 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI:10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3433502

Alireza Maleki;Ha H. Nguyen;Ebrahim Bedeer;Robert Barton

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Abstract

Chirp spread spectrum (CSS) signal is the heart of long-range (LoRa) modulation, also known as CSS modulation, and is used in long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN) in Internet of things (IoT) scenarios. CSS modulation has drawn much attention from the research and industry communities in recent years. However, to the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive tutorial, investigating the mathematical foundations of CSS modulation in the LoRaWAN application, is missing in the literature. Therefore, in the first part of this paper, we provide a thorough analysis and tutorial of CSS modulation as the physical (PHY) layer of LoRaWAN, discussing various aspects such as signal generation, detection, error performance, and spectral characteristics. Moreover, a summary of key recent advances in the context of CSS modulation modifications and applications in IoT networks is presented in the second part of this paper under four main categories, i.e., transceiver configuration and design, data rate improvement, interference modeling, and synchronization algorithms. Finally, future research directions are also provided to discuss the potential issues and solutions for improving the performance of CSS modulation in LoRaWAN.

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用于 LoRaWAN 的啁啾扩频调制教程：基础知识和关键进展

啁啾扩频（CSS）信号是远距离（LoRa）调制的核心，也称为 CSS 调制，用于物联网（IoT）场景中的远距离广域网（LoRaWAN）。近年来，CSS 调制引起了研究界和产业界的广泛关注。然而，据我们所知，文献中还缺少一份全面的教程，研究 CSS 调制在 LoRaWAN 应用中的数学基础。因此，在本文的第一部分，我们对作为 LoRaWAN 物理（PHY）层的 CSS 调制进行了全面的分析和介绍，讨论了信号生成、检测、误差性能和频谱特性等各个方面。此外，本文第二部分总结了 CSS 调制修改和物联网网络应用方面的主要最新进展，分为四大类，即收发器配置和设计、数据速率改进、干扰建模和同步算法。最后，本文还提供了未来的研究方向，讨论了提高 LoRaWAN 中 CSS 调制性能的潜在问题和解决方案。

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来源期刊

IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society Multiple-

CiteScore

13.70

自引率

3.80%

发文量

审稿时长

10 weeks

期刊介绍： The IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society (OJ-COMS) is an open access, all-electronic journal that publishes original high-quality manuscripts on advances in the state of the art of telecommunications systems and networks. The papers in IEEE OJ-COMS are included in Scopus. Submissions reporting new theoretical findings (including novel methods, concepts, and studies) and practical contributions (including experiments and development of prototypes) are welcome. Additionally, survey and tutorial articles are considered. The IEEE OJCOMS received its debut impact factor of 7.9 according to the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) 2023. The IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society covers science, technology, applications and standards for information organization, collection and transfer using electronic, optical and wireless channels and networks. Some specific areas covered include: Systems and network architecture, control and management Protocols, software, and middleware Quality of service, reliability, and security Modulation, detection, coding, and signaling Switching and routing Mobile and portable communications Terminals and other end-user devices Networks for content distribution and distributed computing Communications-based distributed resources control.