Detection of surfactants using a hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent and smartphone†

Abstract

We report on the advantages of a green method to detect surfactants in environmental water samples. The approach is based on the use of a hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) to extract the complexes formed by the surfactants and methylene blue. The concentration of the surfactant is then determined by measuring the color intensity in the organic phase using a smartphone. Under optimized conditions, an aliquot of 3 mL of the NADES was mixed with 15 mL of water, and then allowed to settle (to enable the separation of the two phases) for 5 min. The procedure allowed quantification of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), as a proxy for alkyl surfactants in the range from 0.010 mg L⁻¹ to 0.600 mg L⁻¹, with a detection limit of 2.0 μg L⁻¹. Besides being a simple alternative to the traditional method (which requires chloroform and a spectrophotometer), the proposed approach offers low waste generation, low power-consumption, and fast analysis time, and is fully compatible with the plastic supplies (e.g. cuvettes, pipettes, tips, etc.) typically used for on-site analysis. The applicability of the approach was demonstrated by measuring various surface water samples and the overall green score of the method was calculated to be 96%.