{"title":"Solving the subset sum problem by the quantum Ising model with variational quantum optimization based on conditional values at risk","authors":"Qilin Zheng, Miaomiao Yu, Pingyu Zhu, Yan Wang, Weihong Luo, Ping Xu","doi":"10.1007/s11433-024-2385-7","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The subset sum problem is a combinatorial optimization problem, and its complexity belongs to the nondeterministic polynomial time complete (NP-Complete) class. This problem is widely used in encryption, planning or scheduling, and integer partitions. An accurate search algorithm with polynomial time complexity has not been found, which makes it challenging to be solved on classical computers. To effectively solve this problem, we translate it into the quantum Ising model and solve it with a variational quantum optimization method based on conditional values at risk. The proposed model needs only <i>n</i> qubits to encode 2<sup><i>n</i></sup> dimensional search space, which can effectively save the encoding quantum resources. The model inherits the advantages of variational quantum algorithms and can obtain good performance at shallow circuit depths while being robust to noise, and it is convenient to be deployed in the Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum era. We investigate the effects of the scalability, the variational ansatz type, the variational depth, and noise on the model. Moreover, we also discuss the performance of the model under different conditional values at risk. Through computer simulation, the scale can reach more than nine qubits. By selecting the noise type, we construct simulators with different QVs and study the performance of the model with them. In addition, we deploy the model on a superconducting quantum computer of the Origin Quantum Technology Company and successfully solve the subset sum problem. This model provides a new perspective for solving the subset sum problem.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":774,"journal":{"name":"Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy","FirstCategoryId":"101","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11433-024-2385-7","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The subset sum problem is a combinatorial optimization problem, and its complexity belongs to the nondeterministic polynomial time complete (NP-Complete) class. This problem is widely used in encryption, planning or scheduling, and integer partitions. An accurate search algorithm with polynomial time complexity has not been found, which makes it challenging to be solved on classical computers. To effectively solve this problem, we translate it into the quantum Ising model and solve it with a variational quantum optimization method based on conditional values at risk. The proposed model needs only n qubits to encode 2n dimensional search space, which can effectively save the encoding quantum resources. The model inherits the advantages of variational quantum algorithms and can obtain good performance at shallow circuit depths while being robust to noise, and it is convenient to be deployed in the Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum era. We investigate the effects of the scalability, the variational ansatz type, the variational depth, and noise on the model. Moreover, we also discuss the performance of the model under different conditional values at risk. Through computer simulation, the scale can reach more than nine qubits. By selecting the noise type, we construct simulators with different QVs and study the performance of the model with them. In addition, we deploy the model on a superconducting quantum computer of the Origin Quantum Technology Company and successfully solve the subset sum problem. This model provides a new perspective for solving the subset sum problem.
期刊介绍:
Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy, an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and published by Science China Press, is committed to publishing high-quality, original results in both basic and applied research.
Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy, is published in both print and electronic forms. It is indexed by Science Citation Index.
Categories of articles:
Reviews summarize representative results and achievements in a particular topic or an area, comment on the current state of research, and advise on the research directions. The author’s own opinion and related discussion is requested.
Research papers report on important original results in all areas of physics, mechanics and astronomy.
Brief reports present short reports in a timely manner of the latest important results.