Hydrochar as an adsorbent for heavy metals in soil: A meta-analysis

Abstract

The intensive land use has led to soil degradation and contamination, resulting in concerns about food security and environmental health. Remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils has become a critical global challenge. Hydrochar, derived from the hydrothermal carbonization of organic biomass, shows promise as a soil amendment due to its potential for carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas reduction, and soil improvement. Numerous studies have investigated hydrochar's application effects on improving the soil's physical properties and ability to immobilize heavy metals. This study aims to analyze data from the literature on how various factors, such as carbonization temperature, feedstock, soil texture, soil use type, and soil pH, affect heavy metal adsorption by hydrochars. By synthesizing existing research, this meta-analysis provides insights into the potential of hydrochar as a sustainable remediation solution for heavy metal-contaminated soils.