Thiophene-based modified graphite electrode for the voltammetric detection of 2-aminoindane in oral fluid

Abstract

New psychoactive substances, including 2-aminoindane, pose significant health risks due to their availability and structural similarity to amphetamines. Current detection methods are limited by lengthy analysis times and complex sample preparation. To address this, we present the first voltammetric determination of 2-aminoindane in oral fluid using a graphite electrode modified with a methoxyphenylthiophene-based layer. The electrochemically deposited layer was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and both infrared and Raman spectroscopies. After the electropolymerization of methoxyphenylthiophene, the electrode was homogeneously covered with shorter oligomers of the substituted polythiophene. Cyclic and square-wave voltammetry were used to gain insight into the interaction between the modified electrode and 2-aminoindane. The modification of the electrode surface enables to record the oxidation of the primary amino group at 0.85 V, with an additional signal assigned to specific interactions being observed at 1.33 V. Determination of a 1.0 × 10^–4 M 2-aminoindane concentration in oral fluids was possible, with a recovery ranging from 98 to 100%.

Graphical abstract