Assessing the Impact and Challenges of English Medium Instruction in Saudi Arabian STEM Programs: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

In recent years, the adoption of English Medium Instruction (EMI) in non-Anglophone countries has garnered significant attention, particularly within STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) programs. Saudi Arabia, driven by the objectives of Saudi Vision 2030, has implemented EMI across its higher education institutions to foster internationalization and enhance English proficiency among students. This paper reviews the current state of EMI in Saudi STEM programs, drawing on a comprehensive analysis of the socio-cultural, educational, and linguistic contexts. It explores the motivations behind the shift to EMI, the challenges encountered by students and educators, and the broader implications for educational quality and equity. The transition from Arabic Medium Instruction (AMI) to EMI in Saudi Arabia's STEM disciplines aims to prepare students for global competitiveness. However, this shift presents several challenges. Students often struggle with the sudden change in the medium of instruction, leading to difficulties in understanding complex scientific concepts. Furthermore, the quality of education may be compromised as students and educators navigate the linguistic demands of EMI. The potential cultural and linguistic impact on Arabic language and identity also raises concerns. This review synthesizes findings from various studies and theoretical frameworks to provide a holistic understanding of the EMI landscape in Saudi Arabia. The paper discusses the strategies employed by students and educators to cope with EMI, including preparatory programs and support mechanisms. It also highlights the role of government policies and institutional practices in shaping the EMI experience. While EMI aims to elevate the quality of education and English proficiency, it inadvertently creates educational inequalities. Students from private or international schools, who often have better English skills, are at an advantage compared to their peers from state schools. This disparity necessitates a re-evaluation of EMI policies to ensure inclusive and equitable education for all students. In conclusion, while EMI in Saudi STEM programs holds promise for advancing educational and economic goals, it requires careful consideration of the challenges and implications. Policymakers and educators must collaborate to address these challenges, ensuring that EMI serves as a tool for educational enhancement rather than a barrier to learning. Future research should continue to explore the long-term effects of EMI on student outcomes and the broader educational landscape in Saudi Arabia.