Decreasing trends in PM2.5 and BC concentrations observed on central and southwestern Japanese Islands

Abstract

The interannual trends in fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and black carbon (BC) concentrations at remote stations in central (Noto) and southwestern (Fukue) Japan were investigated using statistical trend analysis and the chemical transport model, Regional Air Quality Model 2 (RAQM2ver3). The concentrations of PM_2.5 and BC in Noto and Fukue exhibited seasonal variations and decreased from 2013 to 2020. Higher concentrations of PM_2.5 and BC were observed during the spring season (April) in both locations. The PM_2.5 concentrations peaked in Fukue approximately one month earlier than in Noto, while the BC concentration peak in Noto occurred one month earlier than that of PM_2.5. The total reductions in PM_2.5 concentrations in Noto and Fukue were 7.5 ± 5.0 and 3.8 ± 0.95 μg m⁻³, corresponding to reduction rates 1.1 ± 0.7 and 0.5 ± 0.95 μg m⁻³year⁻¹, respectively, compared to the concentrations in 2013. The total reduction in BC concentrations in Noto from 2013 to 2019 was estimated to be 0.13 ± 0.1 μg m⁻³, amounting to 0.018 ± 0.014 μg m⁻³year⁻¹ reduction rate. The results of the source–receptor relationships analysis suggest that the decreases in PM_2.5 and BC concentrations in Fukue and Noto were significantly influenced by reductions in amounts transported from central China (CCHN, 30–40°N), northern China (NCHN, >40°N) and Japan (JPN) after 2015/2016. The decrease in emissions from these three regions accounted for the observed reductions in particulate concentrations.