Use of process simulation to obtain life cycle inventory data for LCA: A systematic review

Abstract

Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) analysis is an essential and time-consuming phase of life cycle assessment (LCA). While primary data is among the most reliable and desirable data source types, it is often challenging to collect for industry-specific processes due to confidentiality concerns, in particular with respect to unique proprietary processes. In such cases, computer-based process simulation software can be used to fill gaps in inventory data based on mass and energy balances. While building process simulation models, engagement with industry is essential for verification of process models and validation of simulated data. Although process simulation-based life cycle inventory modelling is not a new research area, there has been no systematic review on this topic with respect to common methodological choices. To fill this gap, this systematic review aims to identify common practices in simulating LCI data using process simulation. Studies that used process simulation for LCI modelling were reviewed to identify the reasons for using process simulation, approaches for simulating LCI, software employed, validation processes, and processes to calculate and report uncertainty. Based on the review findings, a methodological framework was proposed to explain how process simulation-based LCI can be integrated with conventional LCA, specifically for industrial processes.