The spatial distribution and source of heavy metals in soil-plant-atmosphere system in a large coal mining area

Hua Tang , Qian Deng , Yufei Yuan , Shipeng Zhang , Yan Luo , Ying Chen , Lan Jiang , Yi Huang
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Abstract

Due to the lack coupling analysis of heavy metals in soil-plant-atmosphere system, the migration and transformation of heavy metals remains unclear. In this study, 240 surface (0–20 cm) soil samples, 365 plant samples and 168 atmospheric dust samples were collected in a large coal mining area, in which selected heavy metals arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), plumbum (Pb), zinc (Zn) were analyzed, to elucidate the spatial distribution and source of heavy metals and their bioavailability. According to the results of ArcGIS mapping analysis, the distribution patterns of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the three media are similar, while the distribution characteristics of Cr and Ni are highly consistent. The factors contributing to these spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals could be associated with human activities and the characteristics of the elements. Compared with the background value, Zn, Cr, Pb in soil, Zn, Cr, Cu in plants and Zn, Pb, Cu in atmospheric dust apparently accumulated. The geological accumulation pollution index (Igeo) shows that there exist mild to moderate levels of Cr and Cd pollution in soil, and mild to moderate levels of Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn pollution in the air. The evaluation of potential risks of heavy metals showed moderate ecological hazards in soil and strong ecological hazards in atmospheric dust. The sources of heavy metals were assessed using principal component analysis (PCA), land use type, and spatial analysis. Anthropogenic factors are the main sources of heavy metal content. Coal-related industrial processes related to coal, sewage irrigation, the use of agricultural chemicals, and vehicle emissions may be anthropogenic sources of heavy metals.

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大型采煤区土壤-植物-大气系统中重金属的空间分布与来源
由于缺乏对土壤-植物-大气系统中重金属的耦合分析,重金属的迁移和转化仍不清楚。本研究在某大型煤矿开采区采集了 240 个表层(0-20 cm)土壤样品、365 个植物样品和 168 个大气尘埃样品,分析了其中选定的重金属砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn),以阐明重金属的空间分布、来源及其生物利用率。根据 ArcGIS 制图分析结果,镉、铜、铅和锌在三种介质中的分布模式相似,而铬和镍的分布特征则高度一致。造成这些重金属空间分布特征的因素可能与人类活动和元素特性有关。与背景值相比,土壤中的锌、铬、铅,植物中的锌、铬、铜和大气尘埃中的锌、铅、铜明显累积。地质累积污染指数(Igeo)显示,土壤中的铬和镉存在轻度至中度污染,空气中的镉、铬、铅和锌存在轻度至中度污染。对重金属潜在风险的评估表明,土壤中的重金属对生态环境有中度危害,而大气尘埃中的重金属对生态环境有强烈危害。利用主成分分析(PCA)、土地利用类型和空间分析对重金属的来源进行了评估。人为因素是重金属含量的主要来源。与煤炭相关的工业流程、污水灌溉、农用化学品的使用以及汽车尾气排放都可能是重金属的人为来源。
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