Asymmetric Hard X-ray Radiation of Two Ribbons in a Thermal-Dominated C-Class Flare

Abstract

The asymmetry in hard X-ray (HXR) emission at the footpoints (FPs) of flare loops is a ubiquitous feature closely associated with nonthermal electron transport. In this study, we analyze the asymmetric HXR radiation at two flare ribbons, which is thermal-dominated during a long-duration C4.4 flare that occurred on March 20, 2023, combining multi-view and multi-waveband observations from the Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory (ASO-S), Solar Orbiter (SolO), and Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) spacecraft. We find that the H i Lyman-alpha (Ly\(\alpha \)) emission presents similar features to the He ii \(\lambda\)304 emission, both in the light curve and spatio-temporal evolution of a pair of conjugate flare ribbons. The spectra and imaging analysis of the HXR emission, detected by the Spectrometer Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) in 4-18 keV, reveal that the two-ribbon flare radiation is thermal dominated by over 95%, and the radiation source mainly concentrates on the northern ribbon, leading to an asymmetric distribution. To understand the underlying reasons for the HXR radiation asymmetry, we extrapolate the magnetic field within the active region using the nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF) model. For 78% of the magnetic field lines starting from the northern flare ribbon, their lengths from the loop-tops (LTs) to the northern FPs are shorter than those to the southern FPs. For 62% of the field lines, their magnetic-field strengths at the southern FPs exceed those at the northern FPs. In addition, considering the larger density, \(\approx1.0\times10^{10}\ {\mathrm{cm^{-3}}}\), of the low-lying flare loops (\(< 32\ {\mathrm{Mm}}\)), we find that the shorter path from the LT to the northern FP enables more electrons to reach the northern FP more easily after collisions with the surrounding plasma. Therefore, in this thermal-dominated C-class flare, the asymmetric location of the flare LT relative to its two FPs plays a dominant role in the HXR radiation asymmetry, while such asymmetry is also slightly influenced by the magnetic mirror effect, resulting in larger HXR radiation at the FPs with weaker magnetic strength. Our study enriches the understanding of particle transport processes during solar flares.