{"title":"Endogenous Tissue Engineering for Chondral and Osteochondral Regeneration: Strategies and Mechanisms.","authors":"Yanan Zhang, Jialin Chen, Yuzhi Sun, Mingyue Wang, Haoyang Liu, Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00603","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increasing attention has been paid to the development of effective strategies for articular cartilage (AC) and osteochondral (OC) regeneration due to their limited self-reparative capacities and the shortage of timely and appropriate clinical treatments. Traditional cell-dependent tissue engineering faces various challenges such as restricted cell sources, phenotypic alterations, and immune rejection. In contrast, endogenous tissue engineering represents a promising alternative, leveraging acellular biomaterials to guide endogenous cells to the injury site and stimulate their intrinsic regenerative potential. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in endogenous tissue engineering strategies for AC and OC regeneration, with a focus on the tissue engineering triad comprising endogenous stem/progenitor cells (ESPCs), scaffolds, and biomolecules. Multiple types of ESPCs present within the AC and OC microenvironment, including bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs), synovial membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SM-MSCs), and AC-derived stem/progenitor cells (CSPCs), exhibit the ability to migrate toward injury sites and demonstrate pro-regenerative properties. The fabrication and characteristics of scaffolds in various formats including hydrogels, porous sponges, electrospun fibers, particles, films, multilayer scaffolds, bioceramics, and bioglass, highlighting their suitability for AC and OC repair, are systemically summarized. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the pivotal role of biomolecules in facilitating ESPCs migration, adhesion, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, as well as regulating inflammation, aging, and hypertrophy-critical processes for endogenous AC and OC regeneration. Insights into the applications of endogenous tissue engineering strategies for in vivo AC and OC regeneration are provided along with a discussion on future perspectives to enhance regenerative outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8,"journal":{"name":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00603","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2024/8/2 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, BIOMATERIALS","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to the development of effective strategies for articular cartilage (AC) and osteochondral (OC) regeneration due to their limited self-reparative capacities and the shortage of timely and appropriate clinical treatments. Traditional cell-dependent tissue engineering faces various challenges such as restricted cell sources, phenotypic alterations, and immune rejection. In contrast, endogenous tissue engineering represents a promising alternative, leveraging acellular biomaterials to guide endogenous cells to the injury site and stimulate their intrinsic regenerative potential. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in endogenous tissue engineering strategies for AC and OC regeneration, with a focus on the tissue engineering triad comprising endogenous stem/progenitor cells (ESPCs), scaffolds, and biomolecules. Multiple types of ESPCs present within the AC and OC microenvironment, including bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs), synovial membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SM-MSCs), and AC-derived stem/progenitor cells (CSPCs), exhibit the ability to migrate toward injury sites and demonstrate pro-regenerative properties. The fabrication and characteristics of scaffolds in various formats including hydrogels, porous sponges, electrospun fibers, particles, films, multilayer scaffolds, bioceramics, and bioglass, highlighting their suitability for AC and OC repair, are systemically summarized. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the pivotal role of biomolecules in facilitating ESPCs migration, adhesion, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, as well as regulating inflammation, aging, and hypertrophy-critical processes for endogenous AC and OC regeneration. Insights into the applications of endogenous tissue engineering strategies for in vivo AC and OC regeneration are provided along with a discussion on future perspectives to enhance regenerative outcomes.
由于关节软骨（AC）和骨软骨（OC）的自我修复能力有限，且缺乏及时、适当的临床治疗方法，开发有效的关节软骨（AC）和骨软骨（OC）再生策略受到越来越多的关注。传统的细胞依赖性组织工程面临着各种挑战，如细胞来源受限、表型改变和免疫排斥等。相比之下，内源性组织工程是一种前景广阔的替代方法，它利用细胞生物材料引导内源性细胞到达损伤部位，激发其内在再生潜能。本综述全面概述了内源性组织工程策略在AC和OC再生方面的最新进展，重点关注由内源性干细胞/祖细胞（ESPC）、支架和生物分子组成的组织工程三要素。存在于 AC 和 OC 微环境中的多种类型的 ESPCs，包括骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）、脂肪间充质干细胞（AD-MSCs）、滑膜间充质干细胞（SM-MSCs）和 AC 源性干细胞/祖细胞（CSPCs），都具有向损伤部位迁移的能力，并表现出促进再生的特性。文章系统地总结了水凝胶、多孔海绵、电纺纤维、颗粒、薄膜、多层支架、生物陶瓷和生物玻璃等各种形式的支架的制作方法和特点，重点介绍了它们在 AC 和 OC 修复中的适用性。此外，综述还强调了生物大分子在促进 ESPCs 迁移、粘附、软骨生成、成骨以及调节炎症、衰老和肥大等内源性 AC 和 OC 再生的关键过程中的关键作用。本文深入探讨了内源性组织工程策略在体内 AC 和 OC 再生中的应用，并讨论了提高再生效果的未来前景。
期刊介绍：
ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering is the leading journal in the field of biomaterials, serving as an international forum for publishing cutting-edge research and innovative ideas on a broad range of topics:
Applications and Health – implantable tissues and devices, prosthesis, health risks, toxicology
Bio-interactions and Bio-compatibility – material-biology interactions, chemical/morphological/structural communication, mechanobiology, signaling and biological responses, immuno-engineering, calcification, coatings, corrosion and degradation of biomaterials and devices, biophysical regulation of cell functions
Characterization, Synthesis, and Modification – new biomaterials, bioinspired and biomimetic approaches to biomaterials, exploiting structural hierarchy and architectural control, combinatorial strategies for biomaterials discovery, genetic biomaterials design, synthetic biology, new composite systems, bionics, polymer synthesis
Controlled Release and Delivery Systems – biomaterial-based drug and gene delivery, bio-responsive delivery of regulatory molecules, pharmaceutical engineering
Healthcare Advances – clinical translation, regulatory issues, patient safety, emerging trends
Imaging and Diagnostics – imaging agents and probes, theranostics, biosensors, monitoring
Manufacturing and Technology – 3D printing, inks, organ-on-a-chip, bioreactor/perfusion systems, microdevices, BioMEMS, optics and electronics interfaces with biomaterials, systems integration
Modeling and Informatics Tools – scaling methods to guide biomaterial design, predictive algorithms for structure-function, biomechanics, integrating bioinformatics with biomaterials discovery, metabolomics in the context of biomaterials
Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine – basic and applied studies, cell therapies, scaffolds, vascularization, bioartificial organs, transplantation and functionality, cellular agriculture
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