Catastrophic Cognition Is a Stronger Predictor Than Emotional Factors of Acute Postoperative Pain in Patients With Traumatic Orthopedic Injuries.

Abstract

Background: Both cognitive (pain catastrophizing [PC]) and emotional factors (anxiety, depression, and optimism) play vital roles in acute postoperative pain (APOP) management among patients with traumatic orthopedic injuries (TOIs). It remains uncertain if these psychological factors independently or collectively impact APOP in patients with TOIs, and the underlying mechanisms by which various psychological factors impact APOP in patients with TOIs are also ambiguous.

Purpose: The aims of the current research were to analyze the effects of PC and emotional factors (anxiety, depression, and optimism) on APOP in patients with TOIs and explore the potential mechanisms by which PC and emotional factors influence APOP based on a hypothetical moderated mediation pathway mediated by pain-related fear.

Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study.

Results: PC was a significantly positive predictor of APOP regardless of coexistence with emotional factors. TOI patients who had higher PC had more severe APOP (β = 0.57, standard error [SE] = 0.005, p < .01, adjusted R² = 0.78; β = 0.84, SE = 0.003, p < .01, adjusted R² = 0.77, respectively). Furthermore, when positive and negative emotions coexisted (adjusted R² = 0.74), anxiety levels were a significant positive predictor of APOP (β = 0.71, SE = 0.009, p < .01) and optimism was a significant negative predictor of APOP (β = -0.24, SE = 0.008, p < .01). Pain-related fear played a mediating role in the association between the level of PC (effect = 0.044, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.027 to 0.062), anxiety (effect = 0.102, 95% CI = 0.075 to 0.137), and APOP in patients with TOIs. Optimism moderated the strength of the relationship between PC (95% CI = -0.020 to -0.010), anxiety (95% CI = -0.045 to -0.003), and APOP mediated by pain-related fear.

Conclusions: Clinical staff should assess the level of PC and emotional factors to identify TOI patients at high risk for APOP, subsequently facilitating the optimization of pain management and efficient utilization of nursing resources through early discussion.