Phytoremediation Potential of Azolla filiculoides: Uptake and Toxicity of Seven Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) at Environmentally Relevant Water Concentrations

IF 3.6 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI:10.1002/etc.5967

Gina Lintern, Alan G. Scarlett, Marthe Monique Gagnon, John Leeder, Aydin Amhet, Damian C. Lettoof, Victor O. Leshyk, Alexandra Bujak, Jonathan Bujak, Kliti Grice

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Abstract

Environmental contamination of aquatic systems by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has generated significant health concerns. Remediation of contaminated sites such as the fire-fighting emergency training grounds that use aqueous film-forming foams is a high priority. Phytoremediation may help play a part in removing PFAS from such contaminated waters. We investigated the potential of the water fern Azolla filiculoides, which is used for phytoremediation of a wide range of contaminants, to uptake seven common PFAS (perfluorobutanoic acid [PFBA], perfluorobutane sulfonic acid [PFBS], perfluoroheptanoic acid [PFHpA], perfluorohexanoic acid [PFHxA], perfluorohexane sulfonic acid [PFHxS], perfluorooctanoic acid [PFOA], and perfluoropentanoic acid [PFPeA]), during a 12-day exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations delivered as equimolar mixtures: low (∑PFAS = 0.0123 ± 1.89 μmol L⁻¹), medium (∑PFAS = 0.123 ± 2.88 μmol L⁻¹), and high (∑PFAS = 1.39 μmol L⁻¹) treatments, equivalent to approximately 5, 50, and 500 µg L⁻¹ total PFAS, respectively. The possible phytotoxic effects of PFAS were measured at 3-day intervals using chlorophyll a content, photosystem II efficiency (F_v/F_m), performance index, and specific growth rate. The PFAS concentrations in plant tissue and water were also measured every 3 days using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry. Treatments with PFAS did not lead to any detectable phytotoxic effects. All seven PFAS were detected in plant tissue, with the greatest uptake occurring during the first 6 days of exposure. After 12 days of exposure, a maximum bioconcentration factor was recorded for PFBA of 1.30 and a minimum of 0.192 for PFBS. Consequently, the application of Azolla spp. as a stand-alone system for phytoremediation of PFAS in aquatic environments is not sufficient to substantially reduce PFAS concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2157–2168. © 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

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丝兰的植物修复潜力：在环境相关水浓度下对七种全氟和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 的吸收和毒性。

全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）对水生系统造成的环境污染引起了人们对健康的极大关注。对使用水成膜泡沫的消防应急训练场等受污染场所进行补救是当务之急。植物修复可能有助于清除此类受污染水体中的全氟辛烷磺酸。我们研究了水蕨类植物丝兰（Azolla filiculoides）吸收七种常见全氟辛烷磺酸（全氟丁酸 [PFBA]、全氟丁烷磺酸 [PFBS]、全氟庚酸 [PFHpA]、全氟己酸 [PFHpA]、全氟辛酸 [PFBA]、全氟丁烷磺酸 [PFBS]、全氟庚酸 [PFHpA]）的潜力、全氟己酸[PFHxA]、全氟己烷磺酸[PFHxS]、全氟辛酸[PFOA]和全氟戊酸[PFPeA]）的等摩尔混合物的环境相关浓度下暴露 12 天：低浓度（∑PFAS = 0.0123 ± 1.89 μmol L-1）、中浓度（∑PFAS = 0.123 ± 2.88 μmol L-1）和高浓度（∑PFAS = 1.39 μmol L-1）处理，分别相当于约 5、50 和 500 µg L-1 的全氟辛烷磺酸总量。每隔 3 天使用叶绿素 a 含量、光系统 II 效率 (Fv/Fm)、表现指数和特定生长率测量 PFAS 可能的植物毒性效应。此外，每隔 3 天还使用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测量植物组织和水中的 PFAS 浓度。使用 PFAS 处理不会产生任何可检测到的植物毒性效应。在植物组织中检测到了所有七种 PFAS，最大摄取量出现在接触的前 6 天。接触 12 天后，PFBA 的最大生物富集系数为 1.30，PFBS 的最小生物富集系数为 0.192。因此，在水生环境中应用杜鹃花属植物作为独立的全氟辛烷磺酸植物修复系统不足以大幅降低全氟辛烷磺酸的浓度。环境毒物化学 2024;00:1-12。© 2024 The Author(s).环境毒理学与化学》由 Wiley Periodicals LLC 代表 SETAC 出版。

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来源期刊

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 环境科学-毒理学

CiteScore

7.40

自引率

9.80%

发文量

265

审稿时长

3.4 months

期刊介绍： The Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) publishes two journals: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (ET&C) and Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management (IEAM). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry is dedicated to furthering scientific knowledge and disseminating information on environmental toxicology and chemistry, including the application of these sciences to risk assessment.[...] Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry is interdisciplinary in scope and integrates the fields of environmental toxicology; environmental, analytical, and molecular chemistry; ecology; physiology; biochemistry; microbiology; genetics; genomics; environmental engineering; chemical, environmental, and biological modeling; epidemiology; and earth sciences. ET&C seeks to publish papers describing original experimental or theoretical work that significantly advances understanding in the area of environmental toxicology, environmental chemistry and hazard/risk assessment. Emphasis is given to papers that enhance capabilities for the prediction, measurement, and assessment of the fate and effects of chemicals in the environment, rather than simply providing additional data. The scientific impact of papers is judged in terms of the breadth and depth of the findings and the expected influence on existing or future scientific practice. Methodological papers must make clear not only how the work differs from existing practice, but the significance of these differences to the field. Site-based research or monitoring must have regional or global implications beyond the particular site, such as evaluating processes, mechanisms, or theory under a natural environmental setting.

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