Green hydrogen pathways, energy efficiencies, and intensities for ground, air, and marine transportation

IF 2.2 4区化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI:10.1016/j.joule.2024.07.012

Timothy J. Wallington , Maxwell Woody , Geoffrey M. Lewis , Gregory A. Keoleian , Eytan J. Adler , Joaquim R.R.A. Martins , Matthew D. Collette

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Abstract

Green hydrogen produced by electrolysis with renewable electricity can be used directly or in synthetic fuels (e-fuels) to decarbonize road, rail, marine, and air transportation. However, system inefficiencies during hydrogen or e-fuel production, storage, transportation, dispensing, and use lead to approximately 80%–90% loss of the initial electrical energy input. Electric-powered ground, marine, and air transport is approximately 3–8 times more energy efficient than hydrogen alternatives. Renewable electricity sources in the US are insufficient to support hydrogen production for light-duty vehicles. Therefore, green hydrogen should be used strategically in heavy-duty road, rail, aviation, and marine transportation, where electrification alternatives are constrained by load and range. Energy intensity for hydrogen transport measured by renewable electricity per unit of service follows the current trends for petroleum-fueled transport. For freight, ships and rail are the least intensive modes, followed by heavy-duty trucks, then aircraft: 0.04, 0.2, 2, and 20 MJ per t-km, respectively.

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陆运、空运和海运的绿色制氢途径、能效和强度

利用可再生电力电解产生的绿色氢气可直接用于公路、铁路、海运和空运，也可用于合成燃料（电子燃料），以实现脱碳。然而，在氢气或电子燃料的生产、储存、运输、分配和使用过程中，系统效率低下导致初始电能输入损失约 80%-90%。电力驱动的陆运、海运和空运的能效大约是氢气替代品的 3-8 倍。美国的可再生电力资源不足以支持轻型汽车的氢气生产。因此，绿色氢气应战略性地用于重型公路、铁路、航空和海洋运输，因为在这些领域，电气化替代品受到负载和续航能力的限制。以每单位服务的可再生电力来衡量氢运输的能源强度，与当前以石油为燃料的运输趋势一致。在货运方面，船舶和铁路的能源密集度最低，其次是重型卡车，然后是飞机：每吨公里分别为 0.04、0.2、2 和 20 兆焦耳。

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来源期刊

European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 化学-无机化学与核化学

CiteScore

4.30

自引率

4.30%

发文量

419

审稿时长

1.3 months

期刊介绍： The European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (2019 ISI Impact Factor: 2.529) publishes Full Papers, Communications, and Minireviews from the entire spectrum of inorganic, organometallic, bioinorganic, and solid-state chemistry. It is published on behalf of Chemistry Europe, an association of 16 European chemical societies. The following journals have been merged to form the two leading journals, European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry and European Journal of Organic Chemistry: Chemische Berichte Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France Gazzetta Chimica Italiana Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas Anales de Química Chimika Chronika Revista Portuguesa de Química ACH—Models in Chemistry Polish Journal of Chemistry The European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry continues to keep you up-to-date with important inorganic chemistry research results.

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