Comparative analysis of water quality index and river classification in Kereh River, Penang, Malaysia: Impact of untreated swine wastewater from Kampung Selamat pig farms.

IF 2.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Water Environment Research Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI:10.1002/wer.11095
Maisarah Nasution Waras, Muhammad Azrul Zabidi, Zikrullah Ismail, Mageswari Sangaralingam, Amirah Mohd Gazzali, Mohammad Syamsul Reza Harun, Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz, Rafeezul Mohamed, Mohd Nadzri Mohd Najib
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Abstract

The Kereh River in Penang, Malaysia, has faced severe pollution for over 40 years due to untreated wastewater from swine farms in Kampung Selamat, discharged via stormwater drains. Despite official claims that all 77 swine farms treat their wastewater to meet regulatory standards, local non-governmental organizations and villagers have challenged this, though their concerns lack scientific backing. This study evaluates the river's water quality by analyzing samples from upstream (US), midstream (MS), and downstream (DS), and from Parit Cina-Parit Besar, a conduit for untreated swine wastewater. Fourteen parameters were measured against Malaysia's National Water Quality Standards (NWQS). Significant differences were found in six parameters: ammonium nitrogen (AN), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), and oil and grease (OG). While Dunn's post hoc pairwise comparison showed no significant differences among river segments, mean values indicated increased pollution downstream, particularly after the convergence with untreated swine wastewater. River classification worsened, with water quality index dropping from 69.88 ± 11.37 score (Class III) US to 38.49 ± 12.74 and 50.44 ± 3.14 scores (Class IV) MS and downstream, respectively. A significant positive correlation between E. coli and AN (r = 0.71, p < 0.01) suggests a common point source pollutant, particularly the untreated swine wastewater. The river exhibits low oxygen levels and high organic matter and nutrient concentrations, especially MS and downstream, highlighting substantial ecological and public health risks. Effective enforcement of waste treatment regulations and enhanced monitoring are crucial for mitigating pollution and restoring the river's ecosystem. Collaboration between authorities and pig farmers is essential to improve water quality and maintain the river's ecological balance. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Severe Kereh River pollution: Untreated swine wastewater from Kampung Selamat pig farms, primarily via Parit Cina-Parit Besar, has degraded the river for over 40 years. Regulatory non-compliance: Despite official claims, untreated swine wastewater continues to pollute the river, challenging regulatory standards. Significant pollution indicators: Elevated levels of AN, BOD, COD, DO, TSS, OG, and E. coli signal severe pollution midstream and downstream. Water quality index drop: WQI scores classify midstream and downstream sections as polluted, indicating worsening conditions downstream. Urgent need for action: Enforcing regulations, improving wastewater treatment, and relocating pig farms are crucial for restoring the Kereh River.

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马来西亚槟城凯雷河水质指数和河流分类比较分析Kampung Selamat 养猪场未经处理的猪废水的影响。
马来西亚槟榔屿的凯雷河 40 多年来一直面临严重污染,原因是甘榜雪拉玛(Kampung Selamat)养猪场未经处理的废水通过雨水渠排放。尽管官方声称所有 77 家养猪场都对废水进行了处理,以达到监管标准,但当地非政府组织和村民对此提出了质疑,尽管他们的担忧缺乏科学依据。本研究通过分析上游(US)、中游(MS)、下游(DS)以及 Parit Cina-Parit Besar(一条未经处理的猪场废水通道)的样本来评估河流的水质。根据马来西亚国家水质标准(NWQS)测量了 14 个参数。结果发现,氨氮 (AN)、生化需氧量 (BOD)、化学需氧量 (COD)、溶解氧 (DO)、总悬浮固体 (TSS) 和油脂 (OG) 这六个参数存在显著差异。虽然邓恩事后配对比较显示各河段之间没有显著差异,但平均值表明下游污染加剧,特别是在与未经处理的猪场废水汇合之后。河流分级恶化,水质指数从美国的 69.88 ± 11.37 分(III 级)分别降至 MS 和下游的 38.49 ± 12.74 分和 50.44 ± 3.14 分(IV 级)。大肠杆菌与 AN 之间存在明显的正相关性(r = 0.71,p
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来源期刊
Water Environment Research
Water Environment Research 环境科学-工程:环境
CiteScore
6.30
自引率
0.00%
发文量
138
审稿时长
11 months
期刊介绍: Published since 1928, Water Environment Research (WER) is an international multidisciplinary water resource management journal for the dissemination of fundamental and applied research in all scientific and technical areas related to water quality and resource recovery. WER''s goal is to foster communication and interdisciplinary research between water sciences and related fields such as environmental toxicology, agriculture, public and occupational health, microbiology, and ecology. In addition to original research articles, short communications, case studies, reviews, and perspectives are encouraged.
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