A comprehensive update on cannabidiol, its formulations and drug delivery systems

Abstract

Cannabis sativa, the debatable plant, contains a vast array of phytocannabinoids, with a significant presence of cannabidiol. This cannabinoid possesses numerous medicinal properties, with its analgesic capabilities being one of the earliest subjects of study. While the exact mechanism of how CBD works remains somewhat unclear, its mode of action varies depending on the route of administration, including oral, sublingual, rectal, transdermal, and inhalation. Despite CB’s versatility in addressing various symptoms through multiple administration methods, a noteworthy challenge lies in its limited absorption and bioavailability. The compound's high lipophilicity and low water solubility contribute to its suboptimal bioavailability. To address this issue, extensive research has explored CBD-loaded nanoformulations, encompassing nanomicelles, nanoparticles, SNEDDS (self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems), liposomes, and pro-nano-lipospheres. Both preclinical and clinical studies are underway at a substantial pace to establish the safety and efficacy of this cannabinoid. Some CBD nanoformulations have even met FDA regulations and are available in the market. CBD's multifaceted nature, with its potential application against various diseases, has captivated researchers, leading to an increased interest in this compound. This heightened interest has resulted in the filing of numerous patents worldwide. Additionally, research has demonstrated CBD's effects on conditions such as Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, various cancers, pain, and inflammation, which will be discussed in the concluding section of this article.