Novel Green Aqueous Two-Phase Systems (ATPSs) based on choline salts and application to the removal of pharmaceutical pollutants from water

Abstract

Aqueous Two-Phase Systems (ATPSs) constitute extractive media with applicability for the removal of a wide range of solutes, such as antioxidants or pharmaceuticals, and can be designed in a non-toxic and environmentally friendly manner. Nevertheless, prior to their general use at large scale, their liquid-liquid equilibria (solubility curves and tie-line compositions) need to be thoroughly determined.

In this work, 6 solubility curves were obtained for novel aqueous ternary systems containing choline salts (choline chloride, choline bicarbonate, choline (2R,3R)-bitartrate and choline di-hydrogen citrate) and either ethyl lactate (EL) or polyethylene glycol (PEG), at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa. Moreover, 3 tie-line compositions were successfully determined for the system {ethyl lactate (1) + choline (2R,3R)-bitartrate (2) + water (3)}. Then, this novel ATPS was applied in the removal of three common pharmaceutical pollutants from aqueous media (acetaminophen, amoxicillin and salicylic acid). In these partition studies, salicylic acid and acetaminophen were effectively extracted to the top phase, with the highest partition coefficients ($K=9\pm 2)$ being obtained for salicylic acid in the longest tie-line (length of 0.8816). Acetaminophen achieved the most promising results ($K=2.2\pm 0.1$) in the shortest tie-line (length of 0.6192).