Fracture Evolution during CO2 Fracturing in Unconventional Formations: A Simulation Study Using the Phase Field Method

Abstract

With the introduction of China’s “dual carbon” goals, CO2 is increasingly valued as a resource and is being utilized in unconventional oil and gas development. Its application in fracturing operations shows promising prospects, enabling efficient extraction of oil and gas while facilitating carbon sequestration. The process of reservoir stimulation using CO2 fracturing is complex, involving coupled phenomena such as temperature variations, fluid behavior, and rock mechanics. Currently, numerous scholars have conducted fracturing experiments to explore the mechanisms of supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2)-induced fractures in relatively deep formations. However, there is relatively limited numerical simulation research on the coupling processes involved in CO2 fracturing. Some simulation studies have simplified reservoir and operational parameters, indicating a need for further exploration into the multi-field coupling mechanisms of CO2 fracturing. In this study, a coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical fracturing model considering the CO2 properties and heat transfer characteristics was developed using the phase field method. The multi-field coupling characteristics of hydraulic fracturing with water and SC-CO2 are compared, and the effects of different geological parameters (such as in situ stress) and engineering parameters (such as the injection rate) on fracturing performance in tight reservoirs were investigated. The simulation results validate the conclusion that CO2, especially in its supercritical state, effectively reduces reservoir breakdown pressures and induces relatively complex fractures compared with water fracturing. During CO2 injection, heat transfer between the fluid and rock creates a thermal transition zone near the wellbore, beyond which the reservoir temperature remains relatively unchanged. Larger temperature differentials between the injected CO2 fluid and the formation result in more complicated fracture patterns due to thermal stress effects. With a CO2 injection, the displacement field of the formation deviated asymmetrically and changed abruptly when the fracture formed. As the in situ stress difference increased, the morphology of the SC-CO2-induced fractures tended to become simpler, and conversely, the fracture presented a complicated distribution. Furthermore, with an increasing injection rate of CO2, the fractures exhibited a greater width and extended over longer distances, which are more conducive to reservoir volumetric enhancement. The findings of this study validate the authenticity of previous experimental results, and it analyzed fracture evolution through the multi-field coupling process of CO2 fracturing, thereby enhancing theoretical understanding and laying a foundational basis for the application of this technology.