Kullback-Leibler-based characterizations of score-driven updates

Abstract

Score-driven models have been applied in some 400 published articles over the last decade. Much of this literature cites the optimality result in Blasques et al. (2015), which, roughly, states that sufficiently small score-driven updates are unique in locally reducing the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence relative to the true density for every observation. This is at odds with other well-known optimality results; the Kalman filter, for example, is optimal in a mean squared error sense, but may move in the wrong direction for atypical observations. We show that score-driven filters are, similarly, not guaranteed to improve the localized KL divergence at every observation. The seemingly stronger result in Blasques et al. (2015) is due to their use of an improper (localized) scoring rule. Even as a guaranteed improvement for every observation is unattainable, we prove that sufficiently small score-driven updates are unique in reducing the KL divergence relative to the true density in expectation. This positive$-$albeit weaker$-$result justifies the continued use of score-driven models and places their information-theoretic properties on solid footing.