Detecting low-concentration ammonia with a surface acoustic wave sensor using a silver nanoparticles–graphene–polypyrrole hybrid nanocomposite film

Abstract

In this study, a surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator coated with graphene/polypyrrole hybrid nanocomposite films decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-G/PPy) is proposed for detecting ammonia (NH₃) in parts-per-billion concentrations. The AgNPs-G/PPy hybrid nanocomposite film was synthesized via in situ chemical oxidative polymerization. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the AgNPs-G/PPy hybrid nanocomposite film, confirming its successful synthesis and identifying a wrinkled multilayered structure. The AgNPs-G/PPy hybrid nanocomposite film was spin-coated onto the surface of a stress-compensated temperature-cut quartz SAW resonator having an operating frequency of 98.5 MHz to create an NH₃ gas sensor. NH₃ adsorption by the AgNPs-G/PPy hybrid nanocomposite film modulated the acoustic wave velocity, and the corresponding frequency shift served as a sensing signal. The synergistic interaction between the three constituent materials (AgNPs, graphene, and polypyrrole) enhanced the sensitivity, selectivity, and response speed of the sensor for NH₃ detection. At room temperature, the proposed sensor exhibited a positive frequency shift of 568 Hz when exposed to 50 ppb of NH₃ gas and a rapid response time of less than 60 s. In addition, the SAW sensor exhibited excellent selectivity.