Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117784
Imran Khan , Anwar ul Haq Ali Shah , Salma Bilal , Philipp Röse
This study introduces an efficient potentiostatic method to enhance the energy storage performance of polyaniline (PN) by synthesizing PN@ZnO (PNZ), PN@Fe2O3 (PNF), and PN@ZnFe2O4 (PNZF) hybrid electrodes with defined porous morphology. The precise selection and control of the working potential during electro-polymerization and metal oxide integration using the linear sweep voltammetry was key for synthesizing the polymer hybrid electrodes reproducible and with defined composition and structure. The PNZF electrode demonstrated the highest specific capacitances of 816 F g−1 and 791.3 F g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 and 1.0 A g−1 current density, along with high power density and energy density of 1058.4 W kg−1 and 136.4 Wh kg−1, and with excellent stability retaining 90 % over 4000 cycles. We could attribute the excellent performance to a low charge transfer resistance of 25.0 Ω, a predominantly surface-controlled charge storage mechanism, and a porous morphology with uniform distribution of ZnFe2O4 particles in the polymer network, all resulting from the electrochemical synthesis method. Our study provides valuable and new insights into the structural, optical, and electrochemical properties of PN composites, particularly PNZF.
本研究介绍了一种高效的恒电位方法，通过合成具有确定多孔形态的 PN@ZnO（PNZ）、PN@Fe2O3（PNF）和 PN@ZnFe2O4（PNZF）混合电极来提高聚苯胺（PN）的储能性能。在电聚合和金属氧化物集成过程中，使用线性扫描伏安法精确选择和控制工作电位是合成具有可重复性、确定成分和结构的聚合物杂化电极的关键。在扫描速率为 5 mV s-1 和电流密度为 1.0 A g-1 的条件下，PNZF 电极的比电容最高，分别为 816 F g-1 和 791.3 F g-1，功率密度和能量密度也很高，分别为 1058.4 W kg-1 和 136.4 Wh kg-1，并且在 4000 次循环中保持了 90% 的稳定性。我们可以把这种优异性能归功于 25.0 Ω 的低电荷转移电阻、主要由表面控制的电荷存储机制以及 ZnFe2O4 颗粒在聚合物网络中均匀分布的多孔形态，所有这些都是电化学合成方法的结果。我们的研究为 PN 复合材料（尤其是 PNZF）的结构、光学和电化学特性提供了宝贵的新见解。
{"title":"Potentiostatic synthesis of polyaniline zinc and iron oxide composites for energy storage applications","authors":"Imran Khan , Anwar ul Haq Ali Shah , Salma Bilal , Philipp Röse","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117784","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117784","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces an efficient potentiostatic method to enhance the energy storage performance of polyaniline (PN) by synthesizing PN@ZnO (PNZ), PN@Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (PNF), and PN@ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (PNZF) hybrid electrodes with defined porous morphology. The precise selection and control of the working potential during electro-polymerization and metal oxide integration using the linear sweep voltammetry was key for synthesizing the polymer hybrid electrodes reproducible and with defined composition and structure. The PNZF electrode demonstrated the highest specific capacitances of 816 F g<sup>−1</sup> and 791.3 F g<sup>−1</sup> at a scan rate of 5 mV s<sup>−1</sup> and 1.0 A g<sup>−1</sup> current density, along with high power density and energy density of 1058.4 W kg<sup>−1</sup> and 136.4 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup>, and with excellent stability retaining 90 % over 4000 cycles. We could attribute the excellent performance to a low charge transfer resistance of 25.0 Ω, a predominantly surface-controlled charge storage mechanism, and a porous morphology with uniform distribution of ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> particles in the polymer network, all resulting from the electrochemical synthesis method. Our study provides valuable and new insights into the structural, optical, and electrochemical properties of PN composites, particularly PNZF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"310 ","pages":"Article 117784"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117785
Zhiyong Zhang , Qijie Lin , Liang Xie , Zeguang Wu , Lifei Yi , Jiamin Cao , Qiang Tao , Wanqiang Liu , Xin Zhang , Hui Huang
The emergence of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) has revived organic solar cells (OSCs) and promoted its industrialization significantly. Nowadays there are two main kinds of fused-ring electron acceptors: ITIC series and Y-series NFAs. Herein, two hybrid NFAs TIT-H and TIT-EH integrated ITIC series and Y-series NFAs have been developed, which based on thieno[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[3,2-b]indole-thiophene with one spiro group. TIT-H and TIT-EH both exhibited excellent thermal stability, low optical bandgaps of ∼1.5 eV, planar molecular geometries, and suitable energy levels. As a result, OSCs based on PM6:TIT-EH afforded a decent PCE of 13.32 %, with an VOC of 0.856 V, a JSC of 23.50 mA/cm2 and a FF of 65.91 %, which was due to the suitable intermolecular interactions of TIT-EH, balanced charge carrier mobilities and face-on orientation in blend films. As comparison, PM6:TIT-H cell exhibited lower PCE of 12.26 %. These results demonstrated that hybrid NFAs are promising for OSC applications.
{"title":"Hybrid nonfullerene acceptors based on thieno[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[3,2-b]indole for efficient organic solar cells","authors":"Zhiyong Zhang , Qijie Lin , Liang Xie , Zeguang Wu , Lifei Yi , Jiamin Cao , Qiang Tao , Wanqiang Liu , Xin Zhang , Hui Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The emergence of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) has revived organic solar cells (OSCs) and promoted its industrialization significantly. Nowadays there are two main kinds of fused-ring electron acceptors: ITIC series and Y-series NFAs. Herein, two hybrid NFAs TIT-H and TIT-EH integrated ITIC series and Y-series NFAs have been developed, which based on thieno[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[3,2-<em>b</em>]indole-thiophene with one spiro group. TIT-H and TIT-EH both exhibited excellent thermal stability, low optical bandgaps of ∼1.5 eV, planar molecular geometries, and suitable energy levels. As a result, OSCs based on PM6:TIT-EH afforded a decent PCE of 13.32 %, with an <em>V</em><sub>OC</sub> of 0.856 V, a <em>J</em><sub>SC</sub> of 23.50 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> and a FF of 65.91 %, which was due to the suitable intermolecular interactions of TIT-EH, balanced charge carrier mobilities and face-on orientation in blend films. As comparison, PM6:TIT-H cell exhibited lower PCE of 12.26 %. These results demonstrated that hybrid NFAs are promising for OSC applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"310 ","pages":"Article 117785"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117781
Nguyen My Tu Tran, Bharath Dyaga, Godeline Mireille Nzouadi, Bruno Schmaltz, Nicolas Berton
The electrochemical properties of quinoidal-donor (Q-D) alternating copolymers based on the new and attractive quinoidal unit para-azaquinodimethane (p-AQM) are investigated for the first time. A family of four polymers, namely PAQM3T, PAQM4T, PAQM2T-TT and PAQM2T-TVT, designed with different comonomers, is studied using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemistry. While p-AQM molecules are known to be relatively unstable, it is demonstrated here that the Q-D polymers can be reversibly oxidized, indicating that p-doping does not generate highly reactive radical species on the methylene carbons of the alkoxy-substituted p-AQM units. This distinctive behavior of polymers vs small molecules can be attributed to a more efficient delocalization of radicals over the conjugated backbone. However, it is found that electrochemical performances and stability depend strongly on the nature of the donor unit. PAQM2T-TVT, having enhanced quinoidal character due to the presence of planar thiophene-vinylene-thiophene (TVT) units in its backbone, exhibits the highest specific and areal capacitance values (331 F/g and 83 mF/cm2, respectively) as well as improved capacitance retention upon galvanostatic cycling, up to 92 % after 200 cycles. Moreover, PAQM2T-TVT also shows remarkably improved rate capability, withstanding current densities as high as 10 mA/cm2, owing to higher electronic and ionic conductivity. This work suggests that the inclusion of monomer units inducing enhanced conformational planarity of the polymer backbone is crucial in optimizing the electrochemical properties and cyclability of p-AQM based polymers, making them promising materials for advanced electrochemical applications including (micro)supercapacitors and batteries.
{"title":"Para-azaquinodimethane-based quinoidal copolymers: Significant enhancement of electrochemical performances and stability with conformational planarity","authors":"Nguyen My Tu Tran, Bharath Dyaga, Godeline Mireille Nzouadi, Bruno Schmaltz, Nicolas Berton","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electrochemical properties of quinoidal-donor (Q-D) alternating copolymers based on the new and attractive quinoidal unit para-azaquinodimethane (p-AQM) are investigated for the first time. A family of four polymers, namely PAQM3T, PAQM4T, PAQM2T-TT and PAQM2T-TVT, designed with different comonomers, is studied using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemistry. While p-AQM molecules are known to be relatively unstable, it is demonstrated here that the Q-D polymers can be reversibly oxidized, indicating that p-doping does not generate highly reactive radical species on the methylene carbons of the alkoxy-substituted p-AQM units. This distinctive behavior of polymers <em>vs</em> small molecules can be attributed to a more efficient delocalization of radicals over the conjugated backbone. However, it is found that electrochemical performances and stability depend strongly on the nature of the donor unit. PAQM2T-TVT, having enhanced quinoidal character due to the presence of planar thiophene-vinylene-thiophene (TVT) units in its backbone, exhibits the highest specific and areal capacitance values (331 F/g and 83 mF/cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively) as well as improved capacitance retention upon galvanostatic cycling, up to 92 % after 200 cycles. Moreover, PAQM2T-TVT also shows remarkably improved rate capability, withstanding current densities as high as 10 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, owing to higher electronic and ionic conductivity. This work suggests that the inclusion of monomer units inducing enhanced conformational planarity of the polymer backbone is crucial in optimizing the electrochemical properties and cyclability of p-AQM based polymers, making them promising materials for advanced electrochemical applications including (micro)supercapacitors and batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"310 ","pages":"Article 117781"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117783
Hailu Liu , Huanian Zhang , Mengjie Li , Dakang Wu , Honglin Tang , Xiang Zhang , Meihua Huang , Bin Zhao
Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene derivatives (BDT) have been extensively utilized as electron-donating (D) units for the synthesis of polymer donor materials. However, its isomers, benzo[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene derivatives (iBDT), are rarely employed for this application. In this research, three polymer donors, namely PTz-BDT, PTz-iBDT-L, and PTz-iBDT-H, were designed and synthesized using BDT and iBDT as the D moieties, respectively. Notably, compared to PTz-BDT, the iBDT-based polymers exhibit superior solubility and more favorable aggregation properties. When combined with the non-fullerene acceptor Y6, the iBDT-based polymers exhibit a more advantageous phase morphology, tighter packing, higher charge mobilities, more balanced charge transport, and less charge recombination in the devices. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PTz-iBDT-H:Y6 PSC reaches 11.04 %, significantly surpassing those of the PSCs based on PTz-BDT (7.15 %) and the iBDT-based polymers reported in literature. This study introduces an effective approach to enhance the performance of polymeric donors by isomerizing its backbone and synchronously increasing its molecular weight.
{"title":"Tuning molecular aggregation to enhance photovoltaic performance of polymers by isomerizing benzodithiophene moiety","authors":"Hailu Liu , Huanian Zhang , Mengjie Li , Dakang Wu , Honglin Tang , Xiang Zhang , Meihua Huang , Bin Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117783","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117783","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Benzo[1,2-<em>b</em>:4,5-<em>b</em>']dithiophene derivatives (BDT) have been extensively utilized as electron-donating (D) units for the synthesis of polymer donor materials. However, its isomers, benzo[2,1-<em>b</em>:3,4-<em>b</em>']dithiophene derivatives (<em>i</em>BDT), are rarely employed for this application. In this research, three polymer donors, namely PTz-BDT, PTz-<em>i</em>BDT-L, and PTz-<em>i</em>BDT-H, were designed and synthesized using BDT and <em>i</em>BDT as the D moieties, respectively. Notably, compared to PTz-BDT, the <em>i</em>BDT-based polymers exhibit superior solubility and more favorable aggregation properties. When combined with the non-fullerene acceptor Y6, the <em>i</em>BDT-based polymers exhibit a more advantageous phase morphology, tighter packing, higher charge mobilities, more balanced charge transport, and less charge recombination in the devices. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PTz-<em>i</em>BDT-H:Y6 PSC reaches 11.04 %, significantly surpassing those of the PSCs based on PTz-BDT (7.15 %) and the <em>i</em>BDT-based polymers reported in literature. This study introduces an effective approach to enhance the performance of polymeric donors by isomerizing its backbone and synchronously increasing its molecular weight.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"310 ","pages":"Article 117783"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117782
Mingming Li , Wenxiang Wang , Yang Wu , Zheng Wei , Jiawang You , Yongjun Li , Lianfeng Sun , Tao He
In the case of one-dimensional systems, Luttinger liquid states are typically anticipated, which have previously been identified primarily in nanoscopic devices fabricated from isolated bundles of single- or multi-walled carbon nanotubes. In this study, the electrical transport properties of aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube arrays were investigated. The resistance of both aligned arrays and those covered with metal Mo exhibits a strong dependence on temperature, demonstrating a power-law relationship of R∼T–α below 100 K. The Luttinger liquid behavior was modulated by tuning the electron-transport channels via alerting the number of walls that contribute to the conductance within the multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The exponent α, derived theoretically as a parameter that depends on the number of conducting channels, exhibits minimal variation across the arrays and declines rapidly with the tubular structure opening due to the solid-solid reaction between the magnetron-sputtered molybdenum and the carbon atoms.
在一维系统中，鲁丁格液态是典型的预期状态，以前主要在由孤立的单壁或多壁碳纳米管束制成的纳米器件中发现过这种状态。本研究调查了排列整齐的多壁碳纳米管阵列的电传输特性。排列整齐的阵列和覆盖金属 Mo 的阵列的电阻都与温度有很大关系，在 100 K 以下呈现出 R∼T-α 的幂律关系。通过调节多壁碳纳米管内对电导有贡献的管壁数量来调整电子传输通道，从而调节了鲁丁格液体行为。从理论上推导出的指数α是一个取决于传导通道数量的参数，它在整个阵列中的变化极小，并随着管状结构的打开而迅速减小，这是因为磁控溅射钼和碳原子之间发生了固-固反应。
{"title":"Modulation of Luttinger liquid behavior by multi-channel electron transport in aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube arrays","authors":"Mingming Li , Wenxiang Wang , Yang Wu , Zheng Wei , Jiawang You , Yongjun Li , Lianfeng Sun , Tao He","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the case of one-dimensional systems, Luttinger liquid states are typically anticipated, which have previously been identified primarily in nanoscopic devices fabricated from isolated bundles of single- or multi-walled carbon nanotubes. In this study, the electrical transport properties of aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube arrays were investigated. The resistance of both aligned arrays and those covered with metal Mo exhibits a strong dependence on temperature, demonstrating a power-law relationship of <em>R∼T</em><sup>–<em>α</em></sup> below 100 K. The Luttinger liquid behavior was modulated by tuning the electron-transport channels via alerting the number of walls that contribute to the conductance within the multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The exponent <em>α</em>, derived theoretically as a parameter that depends on the number of conducting channels, exhibits minimal variation across the arrays and declines rapidly with the tubular structure opening due to the solid-solid reaction between the magnetron-sputtered molybdenum and the carbon atoms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 117782"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A rhodamine-carbazole dyad has been synthesized and electropolymerized to generate thin films. The spectroelectrochemical properties of the resulting polymer are investigated both in absorption and emission. We show that the luminescence of the rhodamine unit is partially quenched by the carbazole moiety and this quenching is strongly enhanced upon oxidation. A reversible switch of the emission intensity between two redox states is demonstrated, but the stability is strongly dependent on the film thickness and proportion of carbazole in the polymerization medium. This luminescence quenching can be used to follow the electropolymerization reaction since a strong decrease of intensity occurs as soon as the oxidative coupling reaction starts.
{"title":"Oxidative electrofluorochromism of rhodamine in electropolymerized rhodamine-carbazole dyads","authors":"Jennifer Calderon-Mora , Baptiste Maillot , Jean-Frédéric Audibert , Philippe Decorse , Isabelle Bonnamour , Roxanne Mollandin de Boissy , Florian Guier , Ulrich Darbost , Vitor Brasiliense , Fabien Miomandre","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117779","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117779","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A rhodamine-carbazole dyad has been synthesized and electropolymerized to generate thin films. The spectroelectrochemical properties of the resulting polymer are investigated both in absorption and emission. We show that the luminescence of the rhodamine unit is partially quenched by the carbazole moiety and this quenching is strongly enhanced upon oxidation. A reversible switch of the emission intensity between two redox states is demonstrated, but the stability is strongly dependent on the film thickness and proportion of carbazole in the polymerization medium. This luminescence quenching can be used to follow the electropolymerization reaction since a strong decrease of intensity occurs as soon as the oxidative coupling reaction starts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"310 ","pages":"Article 117779"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117780
Hengkang Zhang , Leyan Yin , Yurui Wang , Yuxing Chen , Shiyan Liu , Qiufeng Ye , Kuankuan Ren , Zhiyao Yao , Bingquan Wang , Bo Yao , Gang He , Qing Yu , Xinmin Lv , Zebo Fang
Compared with lead halide perovskite, bismuth-based perovskite has lower toxicity and air stability, demonstrating enormous potential for application, among them, Cs3Bi2I9 materials has been researched as an alternative to lead-based perovskite for application of optoelectronic devices. It is crucial for the realization of high-performance photodetectors which need high-quality perovskite thin films. Here, we prepared a lead-free, all-inorganic, Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite-like amorphous films by spin coating method, and diethyl ether was added as an anti-solvent at different times of spin-coating. The results show that the homogeneous and dense Cs3Bi2I9 amorphous films can be obtained by adding anti-solvent at 14 s. Furthermore, Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite-like UV photodetector achieved extremely low dark current around ∼ pA range, high sensitivity of 1.10 × 104 was fabricated. Our research shows that the preparation of Cs3Bi2I9 amorphous films by the simple antisolvent-assisted spin-coating method are very promising for optoelectronic device.
{"title":"Ultra-low dark current and high sensitivity lead-free perovskite–like photodetector realized by anti-solvent optimization Cs3Bi2I9 amorphous film","authors":"Hengkang Zhang , Leyan Yin , Yurui Wang , Yuxing Chen , Shiyan Liu , Qiufeng Ye , Kuankuan Ren , Zhiyao Yao , Bingquan Wang , Bo Yao , Gang He , Qing Yu , Xinmin Lv , Zebo Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compared with lead halide perovskite, bismuth-based perovskite has lower toxicity and air stability, demonstrating enormous potential for application, among them, Cs<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>I<sub>9</sub> materials has been researched as an alternative to lead-based perovskite for application of optoelectronic devices. It is crucial for the realization of high-performance photodetectors which need high-quality perovskite thin films. Here, we prepared a lead-free, all-inorganic, Cs<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>I<sub>9</sub> perovskite-like amorphous films by spin coating method, and diethyl ether was added as an anti-solvent at different times of spin-coating. The results show that the homogeneous and dense Cs<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>I<sub>9</sub> amorphous films can be obtained by adding anti-solvent at 14 s. Furthermore, Cs<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>I<sub>9</sub> perovskite-like UV photodetector achieved extremely low dark current around ∼ pA range, high sensitivity of 1.10 × 10<sup>4</sup> was fabricated. Our research shows that the preparation of Cs<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>I<sub>9</sub> amorphous films by the simple antisolvent-assisted spin-coating method are very promising for optoelectronic device.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 117780"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117776
Nawal Alghamdi , Ahmed G. El-Shamy
Thermoelectric (TE) aerogels, as new class of TE materials, and their devices have recently captured the attention of the scientific community, as they have the features of both TE materials and aerogels in harvesting heat to electricity, low density, high porosity, super-low thermal conductivity, abundance, affordability and being environmentally friendly compared to the traditional TE materials. Therefore, the progress in fabrication processes of organic, inorganic and their hybrid aerogels has been extensively grown nowadays to obtain desirable TE aerogels and overcome their limitations in terms of low figure of merit (zT), scalability, mechanical durability, long-term stability, and reliability of flexible and stretchable thermoelectric aerogels are challenges today. This drives the researchers, in the last two decades, to increase the development of TE aerogels and reach the unobtainable TE modules, with new and desirable modular architectures (thicknesses/surfaces) and bendable features at the same time. Therefore, this study does not only introduce a summary of recent works in terms of their (organic, inorganic, and/or hybrid) structures, fabrication methods, TE functions, and key factors impacting TE functions and their related mechanisms, but it answers some important questions such as: Why is the aerogel considered as an important TE material?. And another question is: Is it possible to achieve a polymeric (PEDOT:PSS and/or others) aerogel with high electrical conductivity σ > 100 Scm−1 and low thermal conductivity k < 100 mWmK−1 without any additives?. And also another pivotal question: To what extent can aerogels replace the traditional TE materials?. Then, the wide range/variety of TE aerogel applications such as generators, single, dual and/or multifunction sensors, internet of things (IoT), thermocells, and ocean (marine) energy harvesting have been briefly described. In conclusions, the highlights on the current challenges and some preliminary proposals for future work perspectives are offered.
热电气凝胶（TE）作为一类新型的热电材料及其装置最近引起了科学界的关注，因为与传统的热电材料相比，热电气凝胶具有热电材料和气凝胶的双重特点，即集热发电、低密度、高孔隙率、超低导热率、丰富性、经济性和环保性。因此，有机、无机及其混合气凝胶的制造工艺在当今得到了广泛的发展，以获得理想的热电效应气凝胶，并克服其在低优点系数（zT）、可扩展性、机械耐久性、长期稳定性以及柔性和可拉伸热电气凝胶的可靠性等方面的局限性，这些都是当今面临的挑战。这促使研究人员在过去二十年中加大了对热电气凝胶的开发力度，并同时利用新的、理想的模块结构（厚度/表面）和可弯曲特性来实现无法实现的热电模块。因此，本研究不仅从（有机、无机和/或混合）结构、制造方法、TE 功能、影响 TE 功能的关键因素及其相关机制等方面介绍了最新研究成果，还回答了一些重要问题，如为什么气凝胶被认为是一种重要的 TE 材料？另一个问题是：是否有可能在不使用任何添加剂的情况下实现具有高电导率 σ > 100 Scm-1 和低热导率 k < 100 mWmK-1 的聚合物（PEDOT:PSS 和/或其他）气凝胶？还有另一个关键问题：气凝胶能在多大程度上取代传统的 TE 材料？然后，简要介绍了 TE 气凝胶的广泛/多样化应用，如发电机、单传感器、双传感器和/或多功能传感器、物联网（IoT）、热电偶和海洋能量采集。最后，重点介绍了当前面临的挑战以及对未来工作前景的一些初步建议。
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Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117777
Asit Hait , Varghese Maria Angela , Paliyottil Kesavan Bhagyanath , Predhanekar Mohamed Imran , Nattamai.S.P. Bhuvanesh , Samuthira Nagarajan
This study focused on designing small donor-acceptor (D-A) frameworks for resistive memory devices. We synthesized five new organic molecules using pyridine bridged to benzothiazole and various donor moieties (triphenylamine, naphthalene, benzothiophene, t-butyl phenyl, and mesityl group) via Suzuki cross-coupling to study their memory performance. The compounds with triphenylamine and naphthalene exhibited good semiconductor behavior, with a band gap of 3.11 eV and 3.44 eV, respectively. The benzothiazole moiety, employed as a shallow trap in the acceptor segment, demonstrated the SRAM characteristics of all devices. This study examined how varying the potency of electron-donating substituents impacts charge transfer and volatile memory behavior in a small D-A system. Memory devices with triphenylamine and naphthalene donors showed binary SRAM behavior with high ON/OFF ratios of 2.82 × 103 and 2.36 × 103, while t-butylphenyl and mesityl donors exhibited lower ratios of 1.43 × 101 and 4.08 × 101, respectively. All the compounds exhibited switching characteristics at a low threshold voltage of −1 to −1.3 V. The analysis of HOMO, LUMO energy levels, and ESP images of all compounds from the DFT study, collectively indicate charge transfer and trapping are the operative mechanisms in volatile SRAM devices.
{"title":"Design and synthesis of pyridine-bridged benzothiazole-based D-A system for SRAM memory devices","authors":"Asit Hait , Varghese Maria Angela , Paliyottil Kesavan Bhagyanath , Predhanekar Mohamed Imran , Nattamai.S.P. Bhuvanesh , Samuthira Nagarajan","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focused on designing small donor-acceptor (D-A) frameworks for resistive memory devices. We synthesized five new organic molecules using pyridine bridged to benzothiazole and various donor moieties (triphenylamine, naphthalene, benzothiophene, t-butyl phenyl, and mesityl group) via Suzuki cross-coupling to study their memory performance. The compounds with triphenylamine and naphthalene exhibited good semiconductor behavior, with a band gap of 3.11 eV and 3.44 eV, respectively. The benzothiazole moiety, employed as a shallow trap in the acceptor segment, demonstrated the SRAM characteristics of all devices. This study examined how varying the potency of electron-donating substituents impacts charge transfer and volatile memory behavior in a small D-A system. Memory devices with triphenylamine and naphthalene donors showed binary SRAM behavior with high ON/OFF ratios of 2.82 × 10<sup>3</sup> and 2.36 × 10<sup>3</sup>, while t-butylphenyl and mesityl donors exhibited lower ratios of 1.43 × 10<sup>1</sup> and 4.08 × 10<sup>1</sup>, respectively. All the compounds exhibited switching characteristics at a low threshold voltage of −1 to −1.3 V. The analysis of HOMO, LUMO energy levels, and ESP images of all compounds from the DFT study, collectively indicate charge transfer and trapping are the operative mechanisms in volatile SRAM devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 117777"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117775
Muhammad Jamshaid Shabbir , Ruqyya Aqeel , Miqdad Hassan , Farhan Sadiq , Imran Sadiq , N. Bano , Abdul Moqeet Hai , Robert C. Pullar , Muhammad Raheel , Muhammad Talha Arif , Samreen Saeed , Saira Riaz , Shahzad Naseem
This research article describes the synthesis of composite materials by combining T-type hexagonal ferrite and reduced Graphene Oxide using the standard ceramic process. The Calcium-based T-type hexagonal ferrite was synthesized by using the sol-gel auto-combustion method while the reduced graphene oxide by adopting the Hummer method. The crystallite size varied in the range of 23.38 -39.16 nm as calculated from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. Consequently, the lattice parameters 'a' and 'c' decreased from 5.9 to 5.1 Å and from 29.92 to 28.32 Å, respectively. The use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed a range of particle sizes at the surface, varying from 1.70 nm to 3.85 nm. Moreover, the saturation and remanence magnetization values demonstrated an increasing trend with T-type hexaferrites concentration whereas the coercivity decreased. The UV–vis near-infrared spectra exhibited substantial light absorption, characterized by a wide absorption range in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) region (700–1100 nm) which indicates its use in Photothermal therapy (PTT). The Calcium T- type hexaferrite exhibited clear peaks in the blue, green, violet, and yellow spectra in its photoluminescence (PL) properties. These peaks are believed to be caused by oxygen vacancies and defects. The synthesized samples displayed a lossy behavior in the polarization-electric field (P-E) loop, with saturation polarization levels exceeding remnant polarization, which is an amenable condition for lossy behavior. Most importantly, the synthesized materials had significant thermal responses when exposed to an alternation (AC) magnetic field, indicating their potential use in magnetic hyperthermia applications.
本文介绍了利用标准陶瓷工艺将 T 型六方铁氧体和还原型氧化石墨烯合成复合材料的过程。钙基 T 型六方铁氧体采用溶胶-凝胶自燃法合成，还原型氧化石墨烯采用悍马法合成。根据 X 射线衍射（XRD）数据计算得出的晶体尺寸变化范围为 23.38 -39.16 nm。因此，晶格参数 "a "和 "c "分别从 5.9 Å 降至 5.1 Å 和从 29.92 Å 降至 28.32 Å。原子力显微镜（AFM）显示了表面的颗粒尺寸范围，从 1.70 纳米到 3.85 纳米不等。此外，饱和磁化值和剩磁磁化值随着 T 型六氟化碳浓度的增加而呈上升趋势，而矫顽力则有所下降。紫外-可见光近红外光谱显示了大量的光吸收，其特点是在可见光和近红外（NIR）区域（700-1100 nm）有很宽的吸收范围，这表明它可用于光热疗法（PTT）。T 型六价钙铁的光致发光（PL）特性在蓝色、绿色、紫色和黄色光谱中表现出明显的峰值。这些峰值被认为是由氧空位和缺陷引起的。合成样品在极化-电场（P-E）环路中显示出有损行为，饱和极化水平超过了残余极化，这是有损行为的一个有利条件。最重要的是，合成材料在暴露于交变（交流）磁场时具有显著的热反应，这表明它们在磁性热疗应用中具有潜在的用途。
{"title":"Synergetic effect of hexaferrite and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in photothermal therapy and hyperthermia applications","authors":"Muhammad Jamshaid Shabbir , Ruqyya Aqeel , Miqdad Hassan , Farhan Sadiq , Imran Sadiq , N. Bano , Abdul Moqeet Hai , Robert C. Pullar , Muhammad Raheel , Muhammad Talha Arif , Samreen Saeed , Saira Riaz , Shahzad Naseem","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117775","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117775","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research article describes the synthesis of composite materials by combining T-type hexagonal ferrite and reduced Graphene Oxide using the standard ceramic process. The Calcium-based T-type hexagonal ferrite was synthesized by using the sol-gel auto-combustion method while the reduced graphene oxide by adopting the Hummer method. The crystallite size varied in the range of 23.38 -39.16 nm as calculated from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. Consequently, the lattice parameters 'a' and 'c' decreased from 5.9 to 5.1 Å and from 29.92 to 28.32 Å, respectively. The use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed a range of particle sizes at the surface, varying from 1.70 nm to 3.85 nm. Moreover, the saturation and remanence magnetization values demonstrated an increasing trend with T-type hexaferrites concentration whereas the coercivity decreased. The UV–vis near-infrared spectra exhibited substantial light absorption, characterized by a wide absorption range in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) region (700–1100 nm) which indicates its use in Photothermal therapy (PTT). The Calcium T- type hexaferrite exhibited clear peaks in the blue, green, violet, and yellow spectra in its photoluminescence (PL) properties. These peaks are believed to be caused by oxygen vacancies and defects. The synthesized samples displayed a lossy behavior in the polarization-electric field (P-E) loop, with saturation polarization levels exceeding remnant polarization, which is an amenable condition for lossy behavior. Most importantly, the synthesized materials had significant thermal responses when exposed to an alternation (AC) magnetic field, indicating their potential use in magnetic hyperthermia applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 117775"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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