The quest for advanced materials and innovative materials in energy storage and conversion has sparked interest in combining graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), leveraging their strengths to create high-performance composites. This paper explores advanced methods in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and hydrothermal techniques enhanced through specific modifications and meticulously adjusting synthesis parameters that refine the integration of graphene and CNT hybrid synthesis. The comprehensive overview of the hybrid application in energy conversion and storage is highlighted along with challenges and addressing the limitations for future research. The hybrid role is more advantageous strategically by putting research efforts on Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) and Perovskite solar cell (PSC) than other solar cells as the material shows improved stability and reduced dependence on expensive pt in Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Also, the hybrid opens the way for commercialization and long-term stability of PSCs through innovations in hybrid electrode designs and interfacial engineering. A promising direction is also shown by the hybrid in improving various fuel cell performances such as Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFCs), Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFCs), and Solid Oxide Fuel cell (SOFCs). In lithium-ion batteries, the hybrid design promotes ion mobility and increased cycling reliability.
{"title":"Graphene and CNT-based hybrid nanocomposite and its application in electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices","authors":"Hafsa Shabbir , Muhammad Pervaiz , Rubab Shahzadi , Zohaib Saeed , Rana Rashad Mahmood Khan , Umer Younas","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117847","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117847","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The quest for advanced materials and innovative materials in energy storage and conversion has sparked interest in combining graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), leveraging their strengths to create high-performance composites. This paper explores advanced methods in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and hydrothermal techniques enhanced through specific modifications and meticulously adjusting synthesis parameters that refine the integration of graphene and CNT hybrid synthesis. The comprehensive overview of the hybrid application in energy conversion and storage is highlighted along with challenges and addressing the limitations for future research. The hybrid role is more advantageous strategically by putting research efforts on Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) and Perovskite solar cell (PSC) than other solar cells as the material shows improved stability and reduced dependence on expensive pt in Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Also, the hybrid opens the way for commercialization and long-term stability of PSCs through innovations in hybrid electrode designs and interfacial engineering. A promising direction is also shown by the hybrid in improving various fuel cell performances such as Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFCs), Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFCs), and Solid Oxide Fuel cell (SOFCs). In lithium-ion batteries, the hybrid design promotes ion mobility and increased cycling reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 117847"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores the design of innovative nitrobenzofurazan (NBD)-based non-fullerene acceptors (NFA), labeled as Ai (i = 1–5), using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in acetonitrile. These donor-acceptor small molecules incorporate nitro or fluorine substituents into the NBD core to enhance non-fullerene organic solar cells (NF-OSCs) performance. The electron-withdrawing nature of these groups reduces frontier orbital energy levels, improving electronic properties critical for device efficiency. Intermolecular energies, including electrostatic and Lennard-Jones interactions, were calculated for Ai/acetonitrile mixtures, providing insight into interaction potentials. DFT and TD-DFT analyses revealed the molecules’ geometric structure, optoelectronic features, optical behavior, and charge transport properties of the designed molecules. These compounds exhibit narrower band gaps ranging from 2.25 to 1.67 eV, along with high absorption maximum (λmax between 463 and 472 nm). Furthermore, the lower binding energies (Eb = 0.48–0.55 eV), indicate enhanced exciton dissociation efficiency, driven by significant charge transfer from donor to acceptor, as confirmed by FMOs, PDOS, MEP, and TDM analyses. The designed molecules exhibit remarkable photovoltaic performance, including higher open-circuit voltages (Voc) and large fill factors (FF). Among these, A4 emerges as the most promising candidate due to its reduced optical bandgap, maximum absorption wavelength, and superior electronic and photovoltaic properties. Blending A4 with an NBD-based donor highlights efficient charge transfer dynamics, reinforcing its strong potential for practical applications in OSCs. This work highlights the potential of NBD-based NFAs in advancing NF-OSC technology, providing a platform for designing efficient, high-performance photovoltaic materials.
{"title":"Design and computational analysis of nitrobenzofurazan-based non-fullerene acceptors for organic solar cells: A DFT and molecular dynamics simulation study","authors":"Balkis Abdelaziz , Salah Bouazizi , Bouzid Gassoumi , Salvatore Patanè , Sahbi Ayachi","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117846","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117846","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the design of innovative nitrobenzofurazan (NBD)-based non-fullerene acceptors (NFA), labeled as Ai (i = 1–5), using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in acetonitrile. These donor-acceptor small molecules incorporate nitro or fluorine substituents into the NBD core to enhance non-fullerene organic solar cells (NF-OSCs) performance. The electron-withdrawing nature of these groups reduces frontier orbital energy levels, improving electronic properties critical for device efficiency. Intermolecular energies, including electrostatic and Lennard-Jones interactions, were calculated for Ai/acetonitrile mixtures, providing insight into interaction potentials. DFT and TD-DFT analyses revealed the molecules’ geometric structure, optoelectronic features, optical behavior, and charge transport properties of the designed molecules. These compounds exhibit narrower band gaps ranging from 2.25 to 1.67 eV, along with high absorption maximum (λ<sub>max</sub> between 463 and 472 nm). Furthermore, the lower binding energies (E<sub>b</sub> = 0.48–0.55 eV), indicate enhanced exciton dissociation efficiency, driven by significant charge transfer from donor to acceptor, as confirmed by FMOs, PDOS, MEP, and TDM analyses. The designed molecules exhibit remarkable photovoltaic performance, including higher open-circuit voltages (V<sub>oc</sub>) and large fill factors (FF). Among these, A<sub>4</sub> emerges as the most promising candidate due to its reduced optical bandgap, maximum absorption wavelength, and superior electronic and photovoltaic properties. Blending A<sub>4</sub> with an NBD-based donor highlights efficient charge transfer dynamics, reinforcing its strong potential for practical applications in OSCs. This work highlights the potential of NBD-based NFAs in advancing NF-OSC technology, providing a platform for designing efficient, high-performance photovoltaic materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 117846"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117845
Jinwoong Hong , Chul Woong Joo , Baeksang Sung , Jooho Lee , Ye ji Hyeon , Dasol Kim , Hyunji Park , Jinhwa Kim , Jonghee Lee , Yun-Hi Kim
In this study, new host materials were developed to enhance the limited bipolar characteristics of the thermally stable indolocarbazole (ICz) moiety by incorporating phenylcarbazole (PCz), an electron donor, and dibenzothiophene (DBT), an electron acceptor, which has distinct carrier transport properties. The newly synthesized hosts, ICz-PCz and ICz-DBT, exhibited excellent thermal stability, with T₅% values of 370 °C and 371 °C, respectively, and triplet energies of 2.86 eV and 2.87 eV. Therefore, these hosts are suitable for use in green phosphorescent OLEDs (PhOLEDs). Additionally, electrochemical and single-carrier device analyses revealed that the substitution of DBT improved electron transport properties compared with PCz. The enhanced electron mobility of DBT, attributed to its acceptor characteristics, was validated through single-carrier device measurements, demonstrating superior performance over PCz. Consequently, PhOLEDs using ICz-DBT achieved a notable external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 23.15 %, underscoring the effectiveness of our strategy to synthesize thermally stable bipolar host materials. The proposed solutions overcome thermal stability issues that could improve OLED performance, longer device lifespans, and expanded applications in harsh environments.
{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of bipolar host materials based on indolocarbazole derivatives for green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes","authors":"Jinwoong Hong , Chul Woong Joo , Baeksang Sung , Jooho Lee , Ye ji Hyeon , Dasol Kim , Hyunji Park , Jinhwa Kim , Jonghee Lee , Yun-Hi Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117845","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117845","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, new host materials were developed to enhance the limited bipolar characteristics of the thermally stable indolocarbazole (ICz) moiety by incorporating phenylcarbazole (PCz), an electron donor, and dibenzothiophene (DBT), an electron acceptor, which has distinct carrier transport properties. The newly synthesized hosts, <strong>ICz-PCz</strong> and <strong>ICz-DBT</strong>, exhibited excellent thermal stability, with T₅% values of 370 °C and 371 °C, respectively, and triplet energies of 2.86 eV and 2.87 eV. Therefore, these hosts are suitable for use in green phosphorescent OLEDs (PhOLEDs). Additionally, electrochemical and single-carrier device analyses revealed that the substitution of DBT improved electron transport properties compared with PCz. The enhanced electron mobility of DBT, attributed to its acceptor characteristics, was validated through single-carrier device measurements, demonstrating superior performance over PCz. Consequently, PhOLEDs using <strong>ICz-DBT</strong> achieved a notable external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 23.15 %, underscoring the effectiveness of our strategy to synthesize thermally stable bipolar host materials. The proposed solutions overcome thermal stability issues that could improve OLED performance, longer device lifespans, and expanded applications in harsh environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 117845"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117843
Carlos Eduardo Lima dos Santos , Jéssica Eliza Silva Fonsaca , Tatiana Parra Vello , Marcela Mohallem Oliveira , Sergio Humberto Domingues
Ternary nanocomposite of WS2-WO3/rGO was synthesized by a facile one-step hydrothermal method aiming at exploring its multifunctionality both for storing as an electrochemical capacitor and generating energy as a electrocatalyst in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Thus, WS2-WO3/rGO was morphologically and structurally characterized and results suggested that WS2 and WO3 grow over rGO sheets, which guarantees an intimate contact between components. Evaluation of electrochemical performance stated how promising it can be for playing the roles of supercapacitor electrode and HER catalyst. The electrodes were prepared following the same methodology, regardless of the desired application. Specific capacitances of 1451 F g−1 at 1 mV s−1 and 728 F g−1 at 1.25 A g−1 were obtained, which are almost 2-fold higher than the values delivered by isolated components rGO and WS2-WO3. Besides that, the material achieved a capacitance retention of 91 % under 3000 voltametric cycles. Regarding WS2-WO3/rGO as HER catalyst, it displayed lower overpotential and lower Tafel slope (37.8 mV dec−1) than the well-known platinum (58.58 mV dec−1) in alkaline medium. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) analysis indicated that the ternary hybrid presents a lower charge-transfer resistance, corroborating its prominent performance in both applications. In this sense, this work addresses the feasibility of fully explore unique materials into a single design targeting at different functionalities.
{"title":"Tackling two different energy issues with one unique WS2-WO3/rGO nanocomposite: Energy storage and electrochemical hydrogen generation","authors":"Carlos Eduardo Lima dos Santos , Jéssica Eliza Silva Fonsaca , Tatiana Parra Vello , Marcela Mohallem Oliveira , Sergio Humberto Domingues","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ternary nanocomposite of WS<sub>2</sub>-WO<sub>3</sub>/rGO was synthesized by a facile one-step hydrothermal method aiming at exploring its multifunctionality both for storing as an electrochemical capacitor and generating energy as a electrocatalyst in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Thus, WS<sub>2</sub>-WO<sub>3</sub>/rGO was morphologically and structurally characterized and results suggested that WS<sub>2</sub> and WO<sub>3</sub> grow over rGO sheets, which guarantees an intimate contact between components. Evaluation of electrochemical performance stated how promising it can be for playing the roles of supercapacitor electrode and HER catalyst. The electrodes were prepared following the same methodology, regardless of the desired application. Specific capacitances of 1451 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 1 mV s<sup>−1</sup> and 728 F g<sup>−1</sup> at 1.25 A g<sup>−1</sup> were obtained, which are almost 2-fold higher than the values delivered by isolated components rGO and WS<sub>2</sub>-WO<sub>3</sub>. Besides that, the material achieved a capacitance retention of 91 % under 3000 voltametric cycles. Regarding WS<sub>2</sub>-WO<sub>3</sub>/rGO as HER catalyst, it displayed lower overpotential and lower Tafel slope (37.8 mV dec<sup>−1</sup>) than the well-known platinum (58.58 mV dec<sup>−1</sup>) in alkaline medium. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) analysis indicated that the ternary hybrid presents a lower charge-transfer resistance, corroborating its prominent performance in both applications. In this sense, this work addresses the feasibility of fully explore unique materials into a single design targeting at different functionalities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 117843"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-26DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117844
Vikas Kumar Pandey , Sanjeev Verma , Bhawna Verma
Nowadays, energy storage technologies have attracted much interest because there is a massive demand for electronic gadgets, electric automobiles, and automotive applications. Supercapacitors are gaining prominence as electrochemical energy storage applications because of their exceptional properties like fast charging, high power density, and outstanding cyclic stability. They are designed to fill the performance barrier between traditional capacitors and conventional batteries. This paper reports detailed optimization studies for low-cost ternary composite materials for supercapacitive applications with the help of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimum composition was 4:1.03:2.66 (polyaniline: activated carbon: cobalt ferrite) for best electrochemical performance. The specific capacitance of the optimized composite material was 687.9 F/g. The optimized ternary composite material also demonstrated the 47.5 Wh/kg highest energy density and extraordinarily high capacitance retention of 76.1 % after completing 5000 cycles.
{"title":"A Response Surface Methodology optimization approach to architect low-cost activated carbon-based ternary composite for supercapacitor application with enhanced electrochemical performance","authors":"Vikas Kumar Pandey , Sanjeev Verma , Bhawna Verma","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nowadays, energy storage technologies have attracted much interest because there is a massive demand for electronic gadgets, electric automobiles, and automotive applications. Supercapacitors are gaining prominence as electrochemical energy storage applications because of their exceptional properties like fast charging, high power density, and outstanding cyclic stability. They are designed to fill the performance barrier between traditional capacitors and conventional batteries. This paper reports detailed optimization studies for low-cost ternary composite materials for supercapacitive applications with the help of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimum composition was 4:1.03:2.66 (polyaniline: activated carbon: cobalt ferrite) for best electrochemical performance. The specific capacitance of the optimized composite material was 687.9 F/g. The optimized ternary composite material also demonstrated the 47.5 Wh/kg highest energy density and extraordinarily high capacitance retention of 76.1 % after completing 5000 cycles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 117844"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-25DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117838
Muhammad Asim Rauf , M. Waqas Iqbal , Muhammad Arslan Sunny , Haseebul Hassan , N.A. Ismayilova , Akbar Mohammad , Abhinav Kumar , Hussein Alrobei , Thamer Alomayri , Mohammed T. Alotaibi
The search for supercapacitors' high-performance electrode materials has sparked a lot of research into innovative hybrid architectures. Supercapattery devices combine the extraordinary power density and cyclic stability of supercapacitors with the high energy density of batteries. This study details synthesized and analyzed of hybrid electrode material consisting of Polyaniline (PANI) deposited on molybdenum di-selenide (MoSe2) and chromium carbide (Cr2C) using the hydrothermal method. XRD, SEM, and XPS confirmed well-defined PANI@MoSe2/Cr2C composites with a high surface area (BET). The hybridization leverages the synergistic effects of the distinct properties of PANI, MoSe2, and Cr2C to enhance electrochemical performance in supercapacitors. PANI@MoSe2/Cr2C showed higher specific capacities (1171 C/g at 10 mV/s) than PANI@MoSe2 (1249 C g−1) and PANI@Cr2C (1578 C g-³) in three-electrode tests. A supercapattery using PANI@MoSe2/Cr2C and activated carbon achieved 72.92 Wh kg-¹ energy density and 400 W kg-¹ power density. It also retained 86.72 % capacity and 90.67 % coulombic efficiency over 12,000 cycles. Dunn's model explained capacitive and diffusive contributions. PANI@MoSe2/Cr2C exhibited efficient Tafel slope of about 40.0 mV/s and low over potential of 101.41 mV are characteristics of HER activity. These characteristics demonstrate PANI@MoSe2/Cr2C's potential as an electrode material for future energy storage applications.
{"title":"Optimizing electrochemical properties of PANI@MoSe₂/Cr₂C for enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction and energy storage in asymmetric supercapacitors","authors":"Muhammad Asim Rauf , M. Waqas Iqbal , Muhammad Arslan Sunny , Haseebul Hassan , N.A. Ismayilova , Akbar Mohammad , Abhinav Kumar , Hussein Alrobei , Thamer Alomayri , Mohammed T. Alotaibi","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117838","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117838","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The search for supercapacitors' high-performance electrode materials has sparked a lot of research into innovative hybrid architectures. Supercapattery devices combine the extraordinary power density and cyclic stability of supercapacitors with the high energy density of batteries. This study details synthesized and analyzed of hybrid electrode material consisting of Polyaniline (PANI) deposited on molybdenum di-selenide (MoSe<sub>2</sub>) and chromium carbide (Cr<sub>2</sub>C) using the hydrothermal method. XRD, SEM, and XPS confirmed well-defined PANI@MoSe<sub>2</sub>/Cr<sub>2</sub>C composites with a high surface area (BET). The hybridization leverages the synergistic effects of the distinct properties of PANI, MoSe<sub>2</sub>, and Cr<sub>2</sub>C to enhance electrochemical performance in supercapacitors. PANI@MoSe<sub>2</sub>/Cr<sub>2</sub>C showed higher specific capacities (1171 C/g at 10 mV/s) than PANI@MoSe<sub>2</sub> (1249 C g<sup>−1</sup>) and PANI@Cr<sub>2</sub>C (1578 C g<sup>-</sup>³) in three-electrode tests. A supercapattery using PANI@MoSe<sub>2</sub>/Cr<sub>2</sub>C and activated carbon achieved 72.92 Wh kg<sup>-</sup>¹ energy density and 400 W kg<sup>-</sup>¹ power density. It also retained 86.72 % capacity and 90.67 % coulombic efficiency over 12,000 cycles. Dunn's model explained capacitive and diffusive contributions. PANI@MoSe<sub>2</sub>/Cr<sub>2</sub>C exhibited efficient Tafel slope of about 40.0 mV/s and low over potential of 101.41 mV are characteristics of HER activity. These characteristics demonstrate PANI@MoSe<sub>2</sub>/Cr<sub>2</sub>C's potential as an electrode material for future energy storage applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 117838"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117842
Asmara Fazal , Muhammad Masood Zafar , M. Javaid Iqbal , Mohsin Ali Raza , Amina Asghar , Khalid Mujasam Batoo , Muhammad Farzik Ijaz , Sumaira Nosheen , Sharafat Ali , Shahzad Naseem
Supercapacitors have emerged as potent energy storage devices for the past few decades. Researchers are putting their best efforts into fabricating a device that offers high capacitance as well as high energy and power density by merging different classes of materials. In this pursuit, polyaniline (PANI) is considered a potential material for supercapacitor electrodes because it offers good conductivity, ease of processing, and the possibility of making composite with other materials. The drawback of PANI is the lack of stability that decreases because of the volumetric changes occurring during redox reactions. On the other hand, TiO2 is considered a good supercapacitor electrode material because it offers high chemical stability, non-toxicity, and low cost. However, the specific capacitance achieved from it is low due to its low conductivity. Herein, we report the TiO2/PANI composite by in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization method to enhance the performance of supercapacitor electrodes through a synergistic effect. An optimal addition of 5 wt.% TiO2 in PANI resulted in high specific capacity of 925 C/g at 1 A/g current density.
{"title":"High-performance supercapacitor electrode synthesized by in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization of TiO2/PANI composite","authors":"Asmara Fazal , Muhammad Masood Zafar , M. Javaid Iqbal , Mohsin Ali Raza , Amina Asghar , Khalid Mujasam Batoo , Muhammad Farzik Ijaz , Sumaira Nosheen , Sharafat Ali , Shahzad Naseem","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117842","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117842","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Supercapacitors have emerged as potent energy storage devices for the past few decades. Researchers are putting their best efforts into fabricating a device that offers high capacitance as well as high energy and power density by merging different classes of materials. In this pursuit, polyaniline (PANI) is considered a potential material for supercapacitor electrodes because it offers good conductivity, ease of processing, and the possibility of making composite with other materials. The drawback of PANI is the lack of stability that decreases because of the volumetric changes occurring during redox reactions. On the other hand, TiO<sub>2</sub> is considered a good supercapacitor electrode material because it offers high chemical stability, non-toxicity, and low cost. However, the specific capacitance achieved from it is low due to its low conductivity. Herein, we report the TiO<sub>2</sub>/PANI composite by in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization method to enhance the performance of supercapacitor electrodes through a synergistic effect. An optimal addition of 5 wt.% TiO<sub>2</sub> in PANI resulted in high specific capacity of 925 C/g at 1 A/g current density.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 117842"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117841
Fahad N. Almutairi , Ahmed Ghitas , Hamdah Alanazi , M. Abdelhamid Shahat
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) offer an affordable, versatile, and sustainable renewable energy solution, making them a valuable tool in combating climate change. From this standpoint, gamma irradiation treatment provides a viable approach to enhance the performance of low-cost, platinum-free counter-electrodes (CEs) by increasing the number of active sites, thereby improving their catalytic efficiency in DSSCs. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, innovative Chitosan@polyvinyl alcohol@Titanium dioxide (Chitosan@PVA@TiO2) (CPT) hybrid films were developed as a catalytic CE substance and were subjected to a range of in-situ gamma irradiation doses (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 KGy) with the goal to further improving their microstructural and physicochemical qualities. Coupled with a J–V variable evaluation, physical assessments of the microstructure, porosity, morphology, contact angle, optical, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) properties of CEs were carried out. The surface properties of the treated composites improved progressively with increasing gamma doses, reaching optimal levels at 30 KGy (i.e., apparent porosity = 72.5 %, average roughness (Ra) = 5.31 µm) compared to the pristine CE material. Prolonged gamma irradiation enhanced DSSC efficiency, achieving 6.45 % at 10 KGy and 7.14 % at 20 KGy. The high-energy gamma photons facilitated charge carrier movement within the CPT compounds while reducing recombination by creating conditions favorable for charge dissociation. Hence, improved mobility and reduced resistive limitations equate to longer lifespans and more efficient charge transfer within the solar cell. In this regard, the CPT catalytic CE's optimized yield of 8.57 % and short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) of 19.1 mA/cm2 were achieved after 30 KGy of modification of the surface. Compared to the pristine sample, effectiveness increased by 41.2 %. This enhancement in photovoltaic performance was attributed to the introduction of oxygen-enriched free radicals into the CPT structure, which created continuous channels for rapid electron transfer. Considering all aspects, this work highlights the critical role of gamma-irradiated CPT catalytic CEs in enhancing DSSC performance, offering a new approach to improving the efficiency of these devices.
{"title":"Gamma-irradiated Chitosan@PVA@TiO2 catalytic counter electrodes for enhanced dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) performance","authors":"Fahad N. Almutairi , Ahmed Ghitas , Hamdah Alanazi , M. Abdelhamid Shahat","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117841","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117841","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) offer an affordable, versatile, and sustainable renewable energy solution, making them a valuable tool in combating climate change. From this standpoint, gamma irradiation treatment provides a viable approach to enhance the performance of low-cost, platinum-free counter-electrodes (CEs) by increasing the number of active sites, thereby improving their catalytic efficiency in DSSCs. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, innovative Chitosan@polyvinyl alcohol@Titanium dioxide (Chitosan@PVA@TiO<sub>2</sub>) (CPT) hybrid films were developed as a catalytic CE substance and were subjected to a range of in-situ gamma irradiation doses (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 KGy) with the goal to further improving their microstructural and physicochemical qualities. Coupled with a J–V variable evaluation, physical assessments of the microstructure, porosity, morphology, contact angle, optical, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) properties of CEs were carried out. The surface properties of the treated composites improved progressively with increasing gamma doses, reaching optimal levels at 30 KGy (i.e., apparent porosity = 72.5 %, average roughness (Ra) = 5.31 µm) compared to the pristine CE material. Prolonged gamma irradiation enhanced DSSC efficiency, achieving 6.45 % at 10 KGy and 7.14 % at 20 KGy. The high-energy gamma photons facilitated charge carrier movement within the CPT compounds while reducing recombination by creating conditions favorable for charge dissociation. Hence, improved mobility and reduced resistive limitations equate to longer lifespans and more efficient charge transfer within the solar cell. In this regard, the CPT catalytic CE's optimized yield of 8.57 % and short-circuit photocurrent density (J<sub>sc</sub>) of 19.1 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> were achieved after 30 KGy of modification of the surface. Compared to the pristine sample, effectiveness increased by 41.2 %. This enhancement in photovoltaic performance was attributed to the introduction of oxygen-enriched free radicals into the CPT structure, which created continuous channels for rapid electron transfer. Considering all aspects, this work highlights the critical role of gamma-irradiated CPT catalytic CEs in enhancing DSSC performance, offering a new approach to improving the efficiency of these devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 117841"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117836
Sidraya N. Jirankalagi , Avinash C. Molane , Sarjerao M. Sutar , Ramesh N. Mulik , Manickam Selvaraj , Kalathiparambil Rajendra Pai Sunajadevi , Vikas B. Patil
One-dimensional CoMn2O4 nanofibers were developed via the electrospinning method, offers a novel approach for designing electrode materials for energy storage device -supercapacitors. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with EDX confirmed the highly porous CoMn2O4 phase with desired composition. Elemental mapping studies confirmed uniform distribution of Co, Mn, and O elements throughout the nanofibers.Electrochemical studies underscored the crucial role of structural voids and spacing in enhancing energy storage capacity, establishing CoMn2O4 as a promising electrode material. Specific energy and power studies yielded remarkable results of 93.84 Whr/kg and 55.20 kW/kg, respectively. Additionally, specific capacitance determination returned 937.42 F/g, indicating exceptional charging and discharging performance over 1000 cycles with 93.3 % capacitance retention. Moreover, the flexible symmetric supercapacitor is expected to demonstrate exceptional flexibility and electrochemical stability, achieving a specific energy of 232 Wh/kg and a specific power of 84 kW/kg at a current density of 1 mA/cm². These findings advance our understanding of CoMn2O4 nanofibers and offer insights into developing efficient and stable energy storage systems for diverse applications.
{"title":"Engineering CoMn2O₄ nanofibers: Enhancing one-dimensional electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors","authors":"Sidraya N. Jirankalagi , Avinash C. Molane , Sarjerao M. Sutar , Ramesh N. Mulik , Manickam Selvaraj , Kalathiparambil Rajendra Pai Sunajadevi , Vikas B. Patil","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117836","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117836","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One-dimensional CoMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanofibers were developed via the electrospinning method, offers a novel approach for designing electrode materials for energy storage device -supercapacitors. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with EDX confirmed the highly porous CoMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> phase with desired composition. Elemental mapping studies confirmed uniform distribution of Co, Mn, and O elements throughout the nanofibers.Electrochemical studies underscored the crucial role of structural voids and spacing in enhancing energy storage capacity, establishing CoMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> as a promising electrode material. Specific energy and power studies yielded remarkable results of 93.84 Whr/kg and 55.20 kW/kg, respectively. Additionally, specific capacitance determination returned 937.42 F/g, indicating exceptional charging and discharging performance over 1000 cycles with 93.3 % capacitance retention. Moreover, the flexible symmetric supercapacitor is expected to demonstrate exceptional flexibility and electrochemical stability, achieving a specific energy of 232 Wh/kg and a specific power of 84 kW/kg at a current density of 1 mA/cm². These findings advance our understanding of CoMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanofibers and offer insights into developing efficient and stable energy storage systems for diverse applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 117836"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117835
Yu Lin , Gen Li , Juan Teng , Haibo Wang , Ximei Liu
As a crucial component of flexible electronic devices, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)-based hydrogels for strain sensors have garnered extensive attention for their potential in the field of wearable sensors due to their inherent conductivity and flexibility. However, challenges such as poor mechanical strength, limited sensitivity, and poor durability have hindered the widespread application of PEDOT:PSS hydrogels in high-performance strain sensors. In this study, we develop a novel PEDOT:PSS-P(HEMA-co-AA) hydrogel that addresses common limitations in hydrogel applications, demonstrating remarkable stretchability, low hysteresis, and reliable conductivity. The hydrogel is synthesized using a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN) strategy, combining the linear conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS with a chemically cross-linked network based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and acrylic acid (AA). This hybrid structure notably contributes to the hydrogel's mechanical properties, achieving a stretchability of 195 %, while maintaining a rapid response time of 0.20 seconds and exceptional cyclic stability over 1000 cycles under 100 % strain. Moreover, the hydrogel demonstrates promising strain-sensing capabilities, positioning it as a strong candidate for future applications in wearable electronics and flexible sensors. The adoption of the SIPN strategy, along with the synergistic combination of PEDOT:PSS and P(HEMA-co-AA), paves a new pathway for enhancing the mechanical performance and sensing properties of hydrogels in strain-sensing technologies.
{"title":"A highly stretchable, stable and sensitive PEDOT:PSS-P(HEMA-co-AA) hydrogel for strain sensors","authors":"Yu Lin , Gen Li , Juan Teng , Haibo Wang , Ximei Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2025.117835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a crucial component of flexible electronic devices, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)-based hydrogels for strain sensors have garnered extensive attention for their potential in the field of wearable sensors due to their inherent conductivity and flexibility. However, challenges such as poor mechanical strength, limited sensitivity, and poor durability have hindered the widespread application of PEDOT:PSS hydrogels in high-performance strain sensors. In this study, we develop a novel PEDOT:PSS-P(HEMA-co-AA) hydrogel that addresses common limitations in hydrogel applications, demonstrating remarkable stretchability, low hysteresis, and reliable conductivity. The hydrogel is synthesized using a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN) strategy, combining the linear conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS with a chemically cross-linked network based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and acrylic acid (AA). This hybrid structure notably contributes to the hydrogel's mechanical properties, achieving a stretchability of 195 %, while maintaining a rapid response time of 0.20 seconds and exceptional cyclic stability over 1000 cycles under 100 % strain. Moreover, the hydrogel demonstrates promising strain-sensing capabilities, positioning it as a strong candidate for future applications in wearable electronics and flexible sensors. The adoption of the SIPN strategy, along with the synergistic combination of PEDOT:PSS and P(HEMA-co-AA), paves a new pathway for enhancing the mechanical performance and sensing properties of hydrogels in strain-sensing technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 117835"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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