This study presents the design and synthesis of two new semiconducting polymers, P1 and P2, incorporating anthracene and tetrazole units. The polymers were obtained via click chemistry with a yield of 60–65 % and fully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), confirming their structures and thermal stability up to 250 °C. Optical and electrochemical measurements revealed band gaps of 2.69 eV for P1 and 2.77 eV for P2. Photoluminescence studies showed that P1 emits yellow fluorescence due to intramolecular anthracene interactions, while P2 displays blue light. Cyclic voltammetry indicated n-type semiconductor behavior, and single-layer diodes fabricated from these materials exhibited low turn-on voltages of 3.4–4.5 V. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations combined with the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and reduced density gradient (RDG) analyses, supported the experimental results and provided insights into the electronic structure and intramolecular interactions. Overall, this work highlights how molecular engineering strategies can be used to precisely tune the optoelectronic properties of semiconducting polymers for applications in light-emitting devices.
{"title":"Design and optoelectronic characterization of tetrazole/anthracene-based semiconducting polymers: Combined experimental and theoretical approach","authors":"Samar Gharbi , Riadh Mosbah , Alexandra Harbuzaru , Khaled Hriz , Mustapha Majdoub","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the design and synthesis of two new semiconducting polymers, P1 and P2, incorporating anthracene and tetrazole units. The polymers were obtained via click chemistry with a yield of 60–65 % and fully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), confirming their structures and thermal stability up to 250 °C. Optical and electrochemical measurements revealed band gaps of 2.69 eV for P1 and 2.77 eV for P2. Photoluminescence studies showed that P1 emits yellow fluorescence due to intramolecular anthracene interactions, while P2 displays blue light. Cyclic voltammetry indicated n-type semiconductor behavior, and single-layer diodes fabricated from these materials exhibited low turn-on voltages of 3.4–4.5 V. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations combined with the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and reduced density gradient (RDG) analyses, supported the experimental results and provided insights into the electronic structure and intramolecular interactions. Overall, this work highlights how molecular engineering strategies can be used to precisely tune the optoelectronic properties of semiconducting polymers for applications in light-emitting devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"317 ","pages":"Article 118087"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ternary organic solar cells (TOSC) have recently gained attention due to their superior performance over two-component organic solar cell (OSC) counterparts. In this study, we investigate three new structural derivatives of the conventional nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) material ITIC, in which the acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) molecular structure is switched to a D-A-D or A-D-A-D-A configuration. The corresponding materials R-ITIC, R-INIC, and C-ITIC were synthesized using the Janus-like electron-accepting building block 1,5-bis(dicyanomethylene)-3,7-dioxo-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene (CIDC). Computational simulations, photophysical measurements, thin film energy level investigations, and OSC tests indicate that the newly synthesized compounds exhibit poorer solid-state packing ability than the reference compound ITIC, primarily due to increased sterical shielding at the molecular surface. When used as additives in TOSCs with the composition PM6:Y7:additive (10:10:1), the synthesized NFAs increase the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the devices. The observed enhancement in PCE reaches 1.5 %, from 10.5 % in additive-free devices to 12 % in the case of the best-performing compound, C-ITIC. The improvement in device performance stems from the optimized light absorption profile of the devices, as the additives fill the absorbance gap between PM6 and Y7 components. The absence of ordered aggregates and the resulting inability to participate in charge separation facilitate cascade Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the additive to Y7, since the photogenerated charges are not trapped in small inclusions of the additive material. These findings provide a novel conceptual approach to developing TOSC-designated NFA materials.
近年来，三元有机太阳能电池（TOSC）因其优于双组分有机太阳能电池（OSC）的性能而备受关注。在这项研究中，我们研究了传统的非富勒烯受体（NFA）材料ITIC的三种新的结构衍生物，其中受体-给体-受体（a -d -a）分子结构被转换为D-A-D或a -D-A-D- a -a构型。相应的材料R-ITIC、R-INIC和C-ITIC是用类二元体的电子接受基块1,5-二（二氨基乙烯）-3,7-二氧基-1,2,3,5,6,7-六氢-s-茚二烯（CIDC）合成的。计算模拟、光物理测量、薄膜能级研究和盐含量测试表明，新合成的化合物表现出比参考化合物ITIC更差的固态填充能力，主要是由于分子表面的空间屏蔽增加了。当以PM6:Y7：添加剂（10:10:1）的组合在tosc中作为添加剂时，合成的nfa提高了器件的功率转换效率（PCE）。观察到PCE的增强达到1.5 %，从无添加剂器件的10.5% %到性能最好的化合物C-ITIC的12 %。器件性能的提高源于器件的光吸收曲线的优化，因为添加剂填补了PM6和Y7组分之间的吸收间隙。有序聚集体的缺失以及由此导致的无法参与电荷分离，促进了从添加剂到Y7的级联Förster共振能量转移（FRET），因为光产生的电荷不会被捕获在添加剂材料的小包裹体中。这些发现为开发tosc指定的NFA材料提供了一种新的概念方法。
{"title":"Enhancement of ternary organic solar cell performance using sterically shielded non-fullerene acceptor additives","authors":"Kirills Dmitrijevs , Elizabete Praulina , Baiba Turovska , Fatima Zohra Boudjenane , Raitis Grzibovskis , Kaspars Traskovskis","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ternary organic solar cells (TOSC) have recently gained attention due to their superior performance over two-component organic solar cell (OSC) counterparts. In this study, we investigate three new structural derivatives of the conventional nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) material ITIC, in which the acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) molecular structure is switched to a D-A-D or A-D-A-D-A configuration. The corresponding materials R-ITIC, R-INIC, and C-ITIC were synthesized using the Janus-like electron-accepting building block 1,5-bis(dicyanomethylene)-3,7-dioxo-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacene (CIDC). Computational simulations, photophysical measurements, thin film energy level investigations, and OSC tests indicate that the newly synthesized compounds exhibit poorer solid-state packing ability than the reference compound ITIC, primarily due to increased sterical shielding at the molecular surface. When used as additives in TOSCs with the composition PM6:Y7:additive (10:10:1), the synthesized NFAs increase the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the devices. The observed enhancement in PCE reaches 1.5 %, from 10.5 % in additive-free devices to 12 % in the case of the best-performing compound, C-ITIC. The improvement in device performance stems from the optimized light absorption profile of the devices, as the additives fill the absorbance gap between PM6 and Y7 components. The absence of ordered aggregates and the resulting inability to participate in charge separation facilitate cascade Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the additive to Y7, since the photogenerated charges are not trapped in small inclusions of the additive material. These findings provide a novel conceptual approach to developing TOSC-designated NFA materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"317 ","pages":"Article 118096"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118109
Shuang Luo , Feiyang Shen , Junyao Li , Wenrong Cai , Yong Kong
A molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor is facilely designed for the detection of eugenol (EU). Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) are first electrodeposited on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and act as the built-in probe. By using EU as the template molecules, o-phenylenediamine (o-PD) monomers are electropolymerized on the surface of the CuNPs/GCE. After the removal of the EU template molecules with the ethanol/water mixture, the molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor is obtained. According to the cathodic peak currents (Ipc) of copper oxide generated from the oxidation of the CuNPs probe on the differential pulse voltammograms (DPVs), sensitive detection of EU can be achieved. The EU sensor shows a wide linear concentration range from 0.05 to 100 μM with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.022 μM under the optimized conditions. Additionally, the EU sensor exhibits excellent specificity, repeatability, reproducibility and stability. Finally, the developed EU sensor is used for the detection of EU in real samples, and reliable results are obtained.
{"title":"A molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor using copper nanoparticles as built-in probe for eugenol detection","authors":"Shuang Luo , Feiyang Shen , Junyao Li , Wenrong Cai , Yong Kong","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor is facilely designed for the detection of eugenol (EU). Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) are first electrodeposited on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and act as the built-in probe. By using EU as the template molecules, <em>o</em>-phenylenediamine (o-PD) monomers are electropolymerized on the surface of the CuNPs/GCE. After the removal of the EU template molecules with the ethanol/water mixture, the molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor is obtained. According to the cathodic peak currents (<em>I</em><sub>pc</sub>) of copper oxide generated from the oxidation of the CuNPs probe on the differential pulse voltammograms (DPVs), sensitive detection of EU can be achieved. The EU sensor shows a wide linear concentration range from 0.05 to 100 μM with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.022 μM under the optimized conditions. Additionally, the EU sensor exhibits excellent specificity, repeatability, reproducibility and stability. Finally, the developed EU sensor is used for the detection of EU in real samples, and reliable results are obtained.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 118109"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118100
Van Hau Vo Le, Corinne Binet, Valérie Gaucher, Jean-François Brun
In this study, the effect of the type of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) including multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs), single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs), and carboxylic acid functionalized single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs-COOH) on the thermoelectric properties of poly(lactic acid)/CNT nanocomposite films has been investigated. The influence of the CNT weight fraction (from 2 to 40 wt%) and of temperature (from 300 to 400 K) was also discussed. The nanocomposites filled with SWCNTs exhibit the best thermoelectric performance with a maximum ZT value of 0.02 at 300 K for the sample containing 40 wt% CNTs. It is also shown that although SWCNTs-COOH significantly increase the Seebeck values, they also slightly decrease the electrical conductivity, resulting in no improvement regarding the ZT values. Finally, the ZT values almost doubled between 300 and 400 K, with maximum values of 0.02 at 300 K and of 0.04 at 400 K for 40 wt% SWCNTs. These values are the best ZT values that can be found in the literature for an insulating polymer filled with single-walled carbon nanotubes and thus may contribute to the development of flexible organic thermoelectric generators.
{"title":"Effect of carbon nanotube type on the thermoelectric performance of poly(lactic acid)/carbon nanotube composite thin films","authors":"Van Hau Vo Le, Corinne Binet, Valérie Gaucher, Jean-François Brun","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the effect of the type of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) including multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs), single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs), and carboxylic acid functionalized single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs-COOH) on the thermoelectric properties of poly(lactic acid)/CNT nanocomposite films has been investigated. The influence of the CNT weight fraction (from 2 to 40 wt%) and of temperature (from 300 to 400 K) was also discussed. The nanocomposites filled with SWCNTs exhibit the best thermoelectric performance with a maximum ZT value of 0.02 at 300 K for the sample containing 40 wt% CNTs. It is also shown that although SWCNTs-COOH significantly increase the Seebeck values, they also slightly decrease the electrical conductivity, resulting in no improvement regarding the ZT values. Finally, the ZT values almost doubled between 300 and 400 K, with maximum values of 0.02 at 300 K and of 0.04 at 400 K for 40 wt% SWCNTs. These values are the best ZT values that can be found in the literature for an insulating polymer filled with single-walled carbon nanotubes and thus may contribute to the development of flexible organic thermoelectric generators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 118100"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) homopolymer and several composites of PEDOT with metal oxide (MO) based nanostructures were electrodeposited on pencil graphite electrode (PGE) surfaces. These metal oxide nanostructures were based on CeO2, Co3O4, CoFe2O4, TiO2, and ZrO2 oxides. PEDOT@MO-modified electrodes (PG/PEDOT@MO) were determined to be useful for applications in supercapacitors and other electrical energy storage systems. The coatings were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) methods. The electrochemical properties of the coatings were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) techniques. The specific capacitance (Cm) values of PEDOT, PEDOT@CeO2, PEDOT@Co3O4, PEDOT@CoFe2O4, PEDOT@TiO2, and PEDOT@ZrO2 coatings were calculated as 90.9 F/g, 112.2 F/g, 117.7 F/g, 111.6 F/g, 111.8 F/g, and 112.0 F/g, respectively, at 5 A/g. Besides specific capacitance properties, metal oxides also increased the electrode materials' energy density (E). In addition, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was added to the deposition solution to increase the charge-discharge stability of the coatings. The Cm% value of the electrodes remaining after the 1000th charge-discharge cycle increased from 77.4 F/g to 86.5 F/g with CMC's stability. Furthermore, a symmetric supercapacitor with composite-coated electrodes was prepared, and it could turn on red light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
在铅笔石墨电极（PGE）表面电沉积了聚（3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩）（PEDOT）均聚物和几种PEDOT与金属氧化物（MO）纳米结构的复合材料。这些金属氧化物纳米结构是基于CeO2， Co3O4, CoFe2O4， TiO2和ZrO2氧化物。PEDOT@MO-modified电极（PG/PEDOT@MO）被确定用于超级电容器和其他电能存储系统的应用。采用场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）对涂层进行了表征。采用循环伏安法（CV）、电化学阻抗谱法（EIS）和恒流充放电（GCD）技术研究了涂层的电化学性能。PEDOT的特定的电容(Cm)值,PEDOT@CeO2, PEDOT@Co3O4, PEDOT@CoFe2O4, PEDOT@TiO2,和PEDOT@ZrO2涂料被计算为90.9 F / g, 112.2 F / g, 117.7 F / g, 111.6 F / g, 111.8 F / g和112.0 F / g,分别在5 A / g。除了特定的电容性能外，金属氧化物还提高了电极材料的能量密度(E)。此外，在沉积液中加入羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC），提高涂层的充放电稳定性。在第1000次充放电循环后，剩余电极的Cm%值从77.4 F/g增加到86.5 F/g， CMC的稳定性良好。此外，还制备了一种具有复合涂层电极的对称超级电容器，它可以打开红色发光二极管（led）。
{"title":"Electrochemical synthesis of PEDOT composites modified with various metal oxide nanoparticles and evaluation of their performance in supercapacitor applications","authors":"Elif Aksun Baykara , Bülent Zeybek , Arunas Ramanavicius","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) homopolymer and several composites of PEDOT with metal oxide (MO) based nanostructures were electrodeposited on pencil graphite electrode (PGE) surfaces. These metal oxide nanostructures were based on CeO<sub>2</sub>, Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub>, and ZrO<sub>2</sub> oxides. PEDOT@MO-modified electrodes (PG/PEDOT@MO) were determined to be useful for applications in supercapacitors and other electrical energy storage systems. The coatings were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) methods. The electrochemical properties of the coatings were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) techniques. The specific capacitance (<em>C</em><sub>m</sub>) values of PEDOT, PEDOT@CeO<sub>2</sub>, PEDOT@Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, PEDOT@CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, PEDOT@TiO<sub>2</sub>, and PEDOT@ZrO<sub>2</sub> coatings were calculated as 90.9 F/g, 112.2 F/g, 117.7 F/g, 111.6 F/g, 111.8 F/g, and 112.0 F/g, respectively, at 5 A/g. Besides specific capacitance properties, metal oxides also increased the electrode materials' energy density (<em>E</em>). In addition, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was added to the deposition solution to increase the charge-discharge stability of the coatings. The <em>C</em><sub>m</sub>% value of the electrodes remaining after the 1000th charge-discharge cycle increased from 77.4 F/g to 86.5 F/g with CMC's stability. Furthermore, a symmetric supercapacitor with composite-coated electrodes was prepared, and it could turn on red light-emitting diodes (LEDs).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 118094"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118101
Bo-Wei Huang, Sheng-Huei Hsiao
Triphenylamine-based polymers have emerged as an attractive family of electrochromic materials due to their colorless neutral state, ease of color tuning, excellent switching stability, and favorable processability. In this study, we synthesized two new isomeric bis(triphenylamine)-based diamide-diamine monomers: N,N’-bis(4-(3-aminobenzamido)phenyl)-N,N’-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-phenylenediamine (m-5) and N,N’-bis(4-(4-aminobenzamido)phenyl)-N,N’-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-phenylenediamine (p-5). These monomers led to two series of poly(amide-imide)s with redox-active bis(triphenylamine) cores through a two-step polycondensation reaction with five aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydrides. The polymers were readily soluble in several polar organic solvents and could form transparent, flexible films via solution casting. They exhibited good thermal stability, with glass transition temperatures ranging from 245°C to 297°C, and showed no significant degradation before reaching 400°C. Cyclic voltammograms of the cast films on indium-tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates revealed two reversible oxidation redox pairs at approximately 0.7 and 1.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl in acetonitrile electrolyte solution. These polymers demonstrated high electrochemical redox stability and dual-color/near-infrared electrochromic capability, with a color change from the colorless neutral form to green and blue oxidized forms when scanning applied potentials from 0.0 to 1.1 V. They exhibited outstanding electrochromic performance, including high optical contrast (up to 95 %), rapid response times (below 5.4 s for coloring and 3.7 s for bleaching), and high coloration efficiency (up to 388 cm²/C). After over 100 cyclic switches, the polymer films maintained good electrochemical redox and electrochromic activity.
三苯胺基聚合物由于其无色中性状态，易于调色，优异的开关稳定性和良好的可加工性而成为一种有吸引力的电致变色材料家族。在本研究中，我们合成了两个新的基于双（三苯胺）的异构体：N，N ' -双（4-（3-氨基苯基）苯基）-N,N ' -双（4-（4-氨基苯基）苯基）-1,4-苯二胺（m-5）和N，N ' -双（4-（4-氨基苯基）苯基）-N,N ' -双（4-氨基苯基）苯基)-1,4-苯二胺（p-5）。这些单体通过与五种芳香四羧酸二酐的两步缩聚反应得到了两个系列的具有氧化还原活性的双（三苯胺）核心的聚（酰胺-亚胺）s。该聚合物可溶于多种极性有机溶剂，并可通过溶液浇铸形成透明、柔性的薄膜。它们表现出良好的热稳定性，玻璃化转变温度在245°C到297°C之间，在达到400°C之前没有明显的降解。在氧化铟锡（ITO）涂层玻璃基板上的铸膜的循环伏安图显示，在乙腈电解质溶液中，两个可逆的氧化还原对在大约0.7和1.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl。这些聚合物表现出较高的电化学氧化还原稳定性和双色/近红外电致变色能力，当扫描0.0至1.1 V的应用电位时，其颜色从无色中性形态变为绿色和蓝色氧化形态。它们表现出出色的电致变色性能，包括高光学对比度（高达95% %），快速响应时间（着色低于5.4 s，漂白低于3.7 s）和高着色效率（高达388 cm²/C）。经过100多次循环开关后，聚合物薄膜保持了良好的电化学氧化还原和电致变色活性。
{"title":"Dual-color and near-infrared electrochromic poly(amide-imide)s with redox-stable bis(triphenylamine) moieties","authors":"Bo-Wei Huang, Sheng-Huei Hsiao","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Triphenylamine-based polymers have emerged as an attractive family of electrochromic materials due to their colorless neutral state, ease of color tuning, excellent switching stability, and favorable processability. In this study, we synthesized two new isomeric bis(triphenylamine)-based diamide-diamine monomers: <em>N,N</em>’-bis(4-(3-aminobenzamido)phenyl)-<em>N,N</em>’-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-phenylenediamine (<em>m</em>-<strong>5</strong>) and <em>N,N</em>’-bis(4-(4-aminobenzamido)phenyl)-<em>N,N</em>’-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-phenylenediamine (<em>p</em>-<strong>5</strong>). These monomers led to two series of poly(amide-imide)s with redox-active bis(triphenylamine) cores through a two-step polycondensation reaction with five aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydrides. The polymers were readily soluble in several polar organic solvents and could form transparent, flexible films via solution casting. They exhibited good thermal stability, with glass transition temperatures ranging from 245°C to 297°C, and showed no significant degradation before reaching 400°C. Cyclic voltammograms of the cast films on indium-tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates revealed two reversible oxidation redox pairs at approximately 0.7 and 1.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl in acetonitrile electrolyte solution. These polymers demonstrated high electrochemical redox stability and dual-color/near-infrared electrochromic capability, with a color change from the colorless neutral form to green and blue oxidized forms when scanning applied potentials from 0.0 to 1.1 V. They exhibited outstanding electrochromic performance, including high optical contrast (up to 95 %), rapid response times (below 5.4 s for coloring and 3.7 s for bleaching), and high coloration efficiency (up to 388 cm²/C). After over 100 cyclic switches, the polymer films maintained good electrochemical redox and electrochromic activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 118101"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The low bandgap (LBG) polymer-based nanocomposites have enormous capability to afford more advanced and less costly electronic technologies than the current commercialized ones. Here we evaluate the impact of LBG conducting polymer used in the active layer as PANI-ES: ICBA-based optoelectronic devices. The (bulk heterojunction) BHJ active layer has also been treated with solvent additives, namely 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) and 1-chloreonapthlene) (CN), to assess the impact of solvent additives on the film properties and device performance. UV-Vis spectra analysis was performed to observe the modification of the absorption behavior of the active layer with the solution additives. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) has been conducted to reveal the solvent additive-induced changes in the active layer. The modified structure of the active layer was observed using Raman spectroscopy. The device processed with DIO additive delivered higher photocurrent and responsivity than the device treated with CN. We estimated the diode parameters with the help of dark I-V curves to understand the interface quality of the devices. The impedance parameters are consistent with the changes detected in morphology and the device performance.
{"title":"Photoelectric properties of PANI: ICBA bulk heterojunction: Effect of solvent additive","authors":"Minakshi Sharma , Chandra Mohan Singh Negi , Parvez Ahmed Alvi","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The low bandgap (LBG) polymer-based nanocomposites have enormous capability to afford more advanced and less costly electronic technologies than the current commercialized ones. Here we evaluate the impact of LBG conducting polymer used in the active layer as PANI-ES: ICBA-based optoelectronic devices. The (bulk heterojunction) BHJ active layer has also been treated with solvent additives, namely 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) and 1-chloreonapthlene) (CN), to assess the impact of solvent additives on the film properties and device performance. UV-Vis spectra analysis was performed to observe the modification of the absorption behavior of the active layer with the solution additives. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) has been conducted to reveal the solvent additive-induced changes in the active layer. The modified structure of the active layer was observed using Raman spectroscopy. The device processed with DIO additive delivered higher photocurrent and responsivity than the device treated with CN. We estimated the diode parameters with the help of dark I-V curves to understand the interface quality of the devices. The impedance parameters are consistent with the changes detected in morphology and the device performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 118097"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-26DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118099
Israel da Luz Rodrigues , Achilley Nahid Barros Costa , Leonardo Tadeu Boaes Mendonça , Gricirene Sousa Correia
A chemiresistive gas sensor based on a polyaniline (PANI) and zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄) composite photothermally activated by near-infrared (NIR) irradiation was developed and systematically investigated. ZnFe₂O₄ microspheres with a well-defined cubic spinel structure and an average diameter of 679 ± 47 nm were synthesized via a hydrothermal route and subsequently coated with PANI through in situ oxidative polymerization, resulting in a homogeneous hybrid composite with a reduced crystallite size of 36.6 nm, compared to 54.2 nm for pristine ZnFe₂O₄. Structural and spectroscopic analyses by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy confirmed strong interfacial interactions between PANI and ZnFe₂O₄. FT-IR spectra showed characteristic ferrite bands at 441 and 594 cm⁻¹ and PANI bands at 1115, 1285, and 1620 cm⁻¹ , with noticeable band shifts in the composite, indicating interfacial coupling. UV–Vis analysis revealed absorption bands of PANI at 390 nm (π–π* transition) and 837 nm (polaronic excitation), while the composite exhibited a reduced optical bandgap from 2.44 eV (pure PANI) to 2.39 eV, evidencing enhanced electronic interaction between the organic and inorganic phases. Photothermal assays under NIR irradiation (850 nm, 660 mW) demonstrated that the composite exhibits high photothermal performance, achieving a maximum temperature increase (ΔT) of approximately 42 °C and a photothermal conversion efficiency of up to 90 % at a concentration of 1.0 mg mL⁻¹ , with excellent thermal stability over three heating–cooling cycles. Chemiresistive sensors fabricated by spin coating showed pronounced sensitivity toward reducing gases (4–25 ppm), with ammonia presenting the highest response and linearity (R² = 0.988). Under infrared irradiation provided by a light-emitting diode (LED), the sensor kinetics were significantly enhanced, with the response time for ammonia reduced by 73 % (from 20 s to 5.4 s) and the recovery time reduced by 66 %. In addition, photostimulation increased the sensitivity by approximately 48 % for ethanol and acetone, while selectively modulating the response toward larger molecules such as butanol. These results demonstrate that photothermal activation effectively replaces conventional thermal heating, positioning the PANI/ZnFe₂O₄ composite as a promising material for high-sensitivity, low-energy-consumption gas sensing applications.
{"title":"Photothermally stimulated gas sensing performance of PANI/ZnFe₂O₄ composite","authors":"Israel da Luz Rodrigues , Achilley Nahid Barros Costa , Leonardo Tadeu Boaes Mendonça , Gricirene Sousa Correia","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A chemiresistive gas sensor based on a polyaniline (PANI) and zinc ferrite (ZnFe₂O₄) composite photothermally activated by near-infrared (NIR) irradiation was developed and systematically investigated. ZnFe₂O₄ microspheres with a well-defined cubic spinel structure and an average diameter of 679 ± 47 nm were synthesized via a hydrothermal route and subsequently coated with PANI through <em>in situ</em> oxidative polymerization, resulting in a homogeneous hybrid composite with a reduced crystallite size of 36.6 nm, compared to 54.2 nm for pristine ZnFe₂O₄. Structural and spectroscopic analyses by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy confirmed strong interfacial interactions between PANI and ZnFe₂O₄. FT-IR spectra showed characteristic ferrite bands at 441 and 594 cm⁻¹ and PANI bands at 1115, 1285, and 1620 cm⁻¹ , with noticeable band shifts in the composite, indicating interfacial coupling. UV–Vis analysis revealed absorption bands of PANI at 390 nm (π–π* transition) and 837 nm (polaronic excitation), while the composite exhibited a reduced optical bandgap from 2.44 eV (pure PANI) to 2.39 eV, evidencing enhanced electronic interaction between the organic and inorganic phases. Photothermal assays under NIR irradiation (850 nm, 660 mW) demonstrated that the composite exhibits high photothermal performance, achieving a maximum temperature increase (ΔT) of approximately 42 °C and a photothermal conversion efficiency of up to 90 % at a concentration of 1.0 mg mL⁻¹ , with excellent thermal stability over three heating–cooling cycles. Chemiresistive sensors fabricated by spin coating showed pronounced sensitivity toward reducing gases (4–25 ppm), with ammonia presenting the highest response and linearity (R² = 0.988). Under infrared irradiation provided by a light-emitting diode (LED), the sensor kinetics were significantly enhanced, with the response time for ammonia reduced by 73 % (from 20 s to 5.4 s) and the recovery time reduced by 66 %. In addition, photostimulation increased the sensitivity by approximately 48 % for ethanol and acetone, while selectively modulating the response toward larger molecules such as butanol. These results demonstrate that photothermal activation effectively replaces conventional thermal heating, positioning the PANI/ZnFe₂O₄ composite as a promising material for high-sensitivity, low-energy-consumption gas sensing applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 118099"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-26DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118089
Sarah Gamal abdel samea , Mostafa Mahmoud Omran , Delvin Aman , ElSayed Gamal Zaki , S.B. Mahmoud
Storage systems for energy employing lithium-ion batteries, fuel cells, or supercapacitors are vital for existing power generation, electric vehicles, computing devices, residential applications, wireless charging, and industrial drive systems. Crystalline porous polymers belonging to the family of Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have garnered significant attention owing to their remarkable properties and several possible uses. Super-capacitors (SCs) are similar to regular capacitors in its fundamental equations but have several desirable properties, such as a longer cycle life, greater strength, and less environmental effect. In order for supercapacitors to achieve large capacitances, electrodes made of COFs with a decreased dielectric thickness and an increased specific surface area are utilized. This study synthesizes Gellan gum COF on dialdehyde cellulose fibers (DACF) using biopolymer Chitosan (Ch) as a stabilizing agent. This work develops an electrode that is supported by carbonized paper and displays a constant installing of COFs on carbonized fibers. The goal is to construct next-generation eco-friendly supercapacitors. The carbonized fibers serve a dual purpose by mechanically strengthening the COF and enhancing the efficiency of electron transport.
{"title":"Development of carbonized paper-supported electrodes with covalent organic frameworks for next-generation sustainable supercapacitors","authors":"Sarah Gamal abdel samea , Mostafa Mahmoud Omran , Delvin Aman , ElSayed Gamal Zaki , S.B. Mahmoud","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Storage systems for energy employing lithium-ion batteries, fuel cells, or supercapacitors are vital for existing power generation, electric vehicles, computing devices, residential applications, wireless charging, and industrial drive systems. Crystalline porous polymers belonging to the family of Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have garnered significant attention owing to their remarkable properties and several possible uses. Super-capacitors (SCs) are similar to regular capacitors in its fundamental equations but have several desirable properties, such as a longer cycle life, greater strength, and less environmental effect. In order for supercapacitors to achieve large capacitances, electrodes made of COFs with a decreased dielectric thickness and an increased specific surface area are utilized. This study synthesizes Gellan gum COF on dialdehyde cellulose fibers (DACF) using biopolymer Chitosan (Ch) as a stabilizing agent. This work develops an electrode that is supported by carbonized paper and displays a constant installing of COFs on carbonized fibers. The goal is to construct next-generation eco-friendly supercapacitors. The carbonized fibers serve a dual purpose by mechanically strengthening the COF and enhancing the efficiency of electron transport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"318 ","pages":"Article 118089"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118095
Mengyu Qiu , Shibo Wang , Yuyan Li , Guilong Cai , Dashan Qin
Organic solar cells have been fabricated with the active layers prefilled with cathode-modifying layer (CML), i.e., covering the surface of conventional active layer with the CML solution so as to infiltrate cathode-modifying molecules into active layer. Compared to the device with conventional active layer, the one with CML-prefilled active layer shows improved electron transport and extraction; it is because the diffused cathode-modifying molecules effectively contact the buried acceptor molecules and simultaneously form some extra efficient conduction paths. Moreover, these cathode-modifying molecules increase the shunt resistance of device and enhance the phase separation of donor and acceptor. The CML-prefilled active layer enables an efficiency of 19.0 %, higher than that (18.2 %) based on the conventional active layer under 1 sun illumination. The current research is helpful to improve the efficiency of conventional and tandem organic solar cells.
{"title":"Improving the efficiency of organic solar cells via infiltrating cathode-modifying molecules into active layer to enhance electron transport and extraction","authors":"Mengyu Qiu , Shibo Wang , Yuyan Li , Guilong Cai , Dashan Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2026.118095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic solar cells have been fabricated with the active layers prefilled with cathode-modifying layer (CML), i.e., covering the surface of conventional active layer with the CML solution so as to infiltrate cathode-modifying molecules into active layer. Compared to the device with conventional active layer, the one with CML-prefilled active layer shows improved electron transport and extraction; it is because the diffused cathode-modifying molecules effectively contact the buried acceptor molecules and simultaneously form some extra efficient conduction paths. Moreover, these cathode-modifying molecules increase the shunt resistance of device and enhance the phase separation of donor and acceptor. The CML-prefilled active layer enables an efficiency of 19.0 %, higher than that (18.2 %) based on the conventional active layer under 1 sun illumination. The current research is helpful to improve the efficiency of conventional and tandem organic solar cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"317 ","pages":"Article 118095"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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