Enhancing the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS): Proposed updates and anatomical descriptors for pain assessment

IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Veterinary journal Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI:10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106223
L.C. Werner , G.M. de Oliveira , R.R. Daros , E. Dalla Costa , P.V. Michelotto
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Abstract

The use of grimace scales enables the clinical identification of changes in the facial expressions of animals caused by pain. The Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) is one such tool, comprising a pain coding system based on facial expressions and assessing six Facial Action Units (FAUs). Each FAU is accompanied by descriptions and anatomical details to assist the evaluator. However, the morphological descriptions for certain FAUs in the HGS are not sufficiently detailed, potentially hindering accurate interpretation. This study is an analytical investigation aimed at enhancing the morphoanatomical details in the HGS and providing raters with more comprehensive materials for pain evaluation in horses using this scale.

To achieve this, detailed anatomical analyses were conducted using established references in veterinary anatomy. Initially, we propose substituting the term 'ear' with 'auricle' or 'pinna' and replacing 'area above the eye' with 'supraorbital region' for anatomical accuracy. Additionally, we introduce detailed morphoanatomical descriptions that identify specific landmarks, with the goal of ensuring more consistent application of the HGS and reducing interpretation variability. Furthermore, this study provides an explanation of the muscles involved in the investigated FAUs. These adjustments on the descriptions and evaluations remain unverified, however it is anticipated that the descriptive enhancements lead us to understand that higher interobserver reliability can be achieved for each of the FAUs.

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改进马匹疼痛量表(HGS):疼痛评估的拟议更新和解剖描述符。
使用龇牙咧嘴量表可以在临床上识别动物因疼痛而产生的面部表情变化。马面部表情量表(HGS)就是这样一种工具,它由一个基于面部表情的疼痛编码系统和六个面部动作单元(FAU)组成。每个面部动作单元都附有描述和解剖细节,以帮助评估者进行评估。然而,HGS 中某些 FAU 的形态描述不够详细,可能会妨碍准确的解释。本研究是一项分析性调查,旨在加强 HGS 中的形态解剖细节,为评分员提供更全面的材料,以便使用该量表对马的疼痛进行评估。为此,我们利用兽医解剖学中已有的参考文献进行了详细的解剖分析。首先,我们建议用 "耳廓 "或 "耳廓 "代替 "耳朵",用 "眶上区域 "代替 "眼睛上方区域",以确保解剖的准确性。此外,我们还引入了详细的形态解剖学描述,以确定具体的地标,从而确保 HGS 的应用更加一致,并减少解释的变异性。此外,本研究还对所调查的 FAU 所涉及的肌肉进行了解释。这些对描述和评估的调整仍未得到验证,但预计这些描述性改进将使我们了解到,每个 FAU 都可以实现更高的观察者间可靠性。
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来源期刊
Veterinary journal
Veterinary journal 农林科学-兽医学
CiteScore
4.10
自引率
4.50%
发文量
79
审稿时长
40 days
期刊介绍: The Veterinary Journal (established 1875) publishes worldwide contributions on all aspects of veterinary science and its related subjects. It provides regular book reviews and a short communications section. The journal regularly commissions topical reviews and commentaries on features of major importance. Research areas include infectious diseases, applied biochemistry, parasitology, endocrinology, microbiology, immunology, pathology, pharmacology, physiology, molecular biology, immunogenetics, surgery, ophthalmology, dermatology and oncology.
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