Cognitive and functional change in skilled nursing facilities: Differences by delirium and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias

Abstract

Background

Whether cognitive and functional recovery in skilled nursing facilities (SNF) following hospitalization differs by delirium and Alzheimer's disease related dementias (ADRD) has not been examined.

Objective

To compare change in cognition and function among short-stay SNF patients with delirium, ADRD, or both.

Design

Retrospective cohort study using claims data from 2011 to 2013.

Setting

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid certified SNFs.

Participants

A total of 740,838 older adults newly admitted to a short-stay SNF without prevalent ADRD who had at least two assessments of cognition and function.

Measurements

Incident delirium was measured by the Minimum Data Set (MDS) Confusion Assessment Method and ICD-9 codes, and incident ADRD by ICD-9 codes and MDS diagnoses. Cognitive improvement was a better or maximum score on the MDS Brief Interview for Mental Status, and functional recovery was a better or maximum score on the MDS Activities of Daily Living Scale.

Results

Within 30 days of SNF admission, the rate of cognitive improvement in patients with both delirium/ADRD was half that of patients with neither delirium/ADRD (HR = 0.45, 95% CI:0.43, 0.46). The ADRD-only and delirium-only groups also were 43% less likely to have improved cognition or function compared to those with neither delirium/ADRD (HR = 0.57, 95% CI:0.56, 0.58 and HR = 0.57, 95% CI:0.55, 0.60, respectively). Functional improvement was less likely in patients with both delirium/ADRD, as well (HR = 0.85, 95% CI:0.83, 0.87). The ADRD only and delirium only groups were also less likely to improve in function (HR = 0.93, 95% CI:0.92, 0.94 and HR = 0.92, 95% CI:0.90, 0.93, respectively) compared to those with neither delirium/ADRD.

Conclusions

Among older adults without dementia admitted to SNF for post-acute care following hospitalization, a positive screen for delirium and a new diagnosis of ADRD, within 7 days of SNF admission, were both significantly associated with worse cognitive and functional recovery. Patients with both delirium and new ADRD had the worst cognitive and functional recovery.