Crop water stress index characterizes maize productivity under water and salt stress by using growth stage-specific non-water stress baselines

Abstract

Context

The use of non-destructive, continuous, and rapid canopy temperature (T_c) indices for crop stress diagnosis is of significant importance for improving crop water productivity (WP). However, the comprehensive applicability of the crop water stress index (CWSI), grounded in T_c, in diagnosing both single and combined water and salt stress, as well as characterizing physiological and growth traits, remains inadequately explored.

Objective

We aim to investigate the ability of CWSI to diagnose single and combined water and salt stress and to test whether a non-water stress baseline (NWSB) with or without growth stage and genotype differences influences CWSI to characterise maize leaf physiological and growth traits.

Methods

Here, we measured the T_c using infrared radiation thermometers of two maize genotypes (XY335 and ZD958) under both single and combined water and salt stress over two growing seasons, compared the differences of NWSB in three growth stages, and established CWSI. Our analysis involved scrutinizing the differences in characterizing crop physiology and growth traits between CWSI calculated using NWSB with and without growth stage differentiations.

Results

Our findings indicated that T_c is modulated by an interplay of soil water content, VPD, and soil salinity. The NWSB exhibited variations with both growth stage (p_slope < 0.001) and genotype (p_slope or p_intercept < 0.01). The CWSI can diagnose single and combined water and salt stress suffered by maize. Under no stress, and single and combined water and salt stress, CWSI was significantly correlated with stomatal conductance (R² ≥ 0.31, p < 0.1) and net photosynthetic rate (R² ≥ 0.38, p < 0.1), rather than with hydraulic traits. The mean CWSI across the entire growth period closely correlated with leaf area index (LAI), canopy photosynthetically active radiation interception, biomass, yield, and evapotranspiration across varying treatments (R² ≥ 0.54, p < 0.1). Contrary to CWSI derived from NWSB without growth stage variations, utilizing CWSI with growth stage distinctions better characterized physiological traits, while the former was more suitable for delineating yield and WP.

Implications

This research underscores the efficacy of CWSI for stress diagnosis and the evaluation of gas exchange and productivity in maize under both single and combined soil water-salt stress. This investigation significantly propels forward the implementation of crop-centric irrigation strategies aimed at optimizing water utilization efficiency.