The fate of hazardous textile pollutants in an upcycling process for post-consumer garments

IF 5.3 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Cleaner Engineering and Technology Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI:10.1016/j.clet.2024.100794
Tim Åström , Maria-Ximena Ruiz-Caldas , Lisa Skedung , Ioana Chelcea , Charlotte Nilsson , Aji P. Mathew , Ioannis Sadiktsis , Ulrika Nilsson
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Abstract

The environmental impact is a strong incentive for the development of upcycling processes for textile waste. However, toxic chemicals may occur in both brand-new textiles and post-consumer garments, and the chemical transfer in such routes is important to investigate. The present study applied non-target screening and quantification with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to follow the fate of hazardous chemicals from post-consumer polycotton garments to a new material, cellulose nanocrystals, in a chemical upcycling utilizing strongly acidic conditions. The majority of hazardous chemicals detected within the process were found to be transferred to a residual of polyester material and not to the enriched cellulose. However, phthalates were found to be mainly attached to the cellulose nanocrystals. The detected total concentration, in this case, was below 5 μg/g, at least 200 times lower than the limit set by the European Union. This indicates the importance of monitoring and controlling the phthalate content in the starting material of the process, i.e., the post-consumer garments. The chemical release into the process waste effluent could be estimated based on water solubility data for chemicals under the applied conditions. Three compounds, the water-repellent substance perfluorooctanesulfonic acid and the dyes Crystal Violet and Victoria Pure Blue, were almost entirely transferred into the process waste effluent. Although the levels detected were very low in the present pilot process, their presence eventually indicates the need for wastewater purification at further upscaling, depending on the exposure and dose in relation to toxicological relevant thresholds.

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消费后服装升级再造过程中有害纺织污染物的去向
对环境的影响是开发纺织废料升级再造工艺的强大动力。然而,有毒化学物质可能同时存在于全新纺织品和消费后服装中,因此研究这些途径中的化学转移非常重要。本研究采用液相色谱/质谱法进行非目标筛选和定量,在强酸性条件下进行化学升级再循环,跟踪有害化学物质从消费后聚棉服装到新材料纤维素纳米晶体的去向。结果发现,在这一过程中检测到的大部分有害化学物质都转移到了聚酯材料的残留物中,而没有转移到富集的纤维素中。不过,邻苯二甲酸盐主要附着在纤维素纳米晶体上。在这种情况下,检测到的总浓度低于 5 微克/克,比欧盟规定的限值至少低 200 倍。这表明监测和控制工艺起始材料(即消费后服装)中邻苯二甲酸酯含量的重要性。根据化学品在应用条件下的水溶性数据,可以估算出加工废水中的化学品释放量。有三种化合物(全氟辛烷磺酸、水晶紫和维多利亚纯蓝)几乎全部转移到了加工废水中。虽然在目前的试点工艺中检测到的含量很低,但它们的存在最终表明,在进一步扩大规模时,根据与毒理学相关阈值有关的接触和剂量,有必要对废水进行净化。
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来源期刊
Cleaner Engineering and Technology
Cleaner Engineering and Technology Engineering-Engineering (miscellaneous)
CiteScore
9.80
自引率
0.00%
发文量
218
审稿时长
21 weeks
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