Winter activity of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) inside and outside stables in Germany

IF 1.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY Medical and Veterinary Entomology Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI:10.1111/mve.12756
Sarah Groschupp, Helge Kampen, Doreen Werner
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Abstract

Culicoides biting midge species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Obsoletus Group and the Pulicaris Complex are considered the major vectors of bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses in Europe. Overwintering strategies of these arboviruses are controversially discussed, with the ongoing activity of vector species and a non-disrupted transmission cycle during winter being a plausible explanation. Although data on Culicoides winter activity are relatively scant, a seasonal vector-free period (SVFP), during which adult Culicoides are not or hardly active, is questionable. To determine winter activity and define SVFPs according to the EU Commission Regulation No 1266/2007, adult Culicoides were trapped weekly with UV-light traps from October to April 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 inside and outside stables on 16 farms throughout Germany. Temperature measurements were taken regularly at each trapping site since the temperature is a known driver of biting midge activity. In 960 indoor and outdoor catches, 32,377 Culicoides were trapped, with 90.9% of them belonging to the Obsoletus Group, 6.1% to the Pulicaris Complex and 3.0% to ‘other Culicoides’ according to morphological identification. The majority (61.3%) of Culicoides were trapped indoors, with substantial numbers of specimens collected from October to December, in March and in April, and only a few or no specimens in January and February. Obsoletus Group biting midges were active indoors for almost the entire winter. Outdoors, Culicoides numbers decreased from October to December, few or no specimens were caught from January to March, and high numbers were captured in April. Of the collected Culicoides, 2028 were blood-fed, of which 94.6% were trapped in the stables. The indoor SVFP, although calculated for blood-fed instead of parous females, lasted for almost 4 months (late November until mid-March) in winter 2019/2020 and 2 months (January and February) in winter 2020/2021. The outdoor SVFPs covered almost the entire study period in both winters, with slight differences between the onsets and the ends. The Culicoides activity significantly depended on temperature. Specimens of the Obsoletus Group were caught at an average temperature of 7.4°C (minimum 0.3°C) and of the Pulicaris Complex at an average temperature of 10.3°C (minimum 1.2°C). These temperatures were reached inside the stables over more extended periods than outside. The average indoor temperatures were 1.2 K higher than the average outdoor temperatures, although absolute temperature differences of up to 9.0 K were recorded. Based on Culicoides activity, the results of the present study indicate an almost continuous potential for virus transmission in winter within livestock houses.

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德国马厩内外的虱目动物(双翅目:Ceratopogonidae)的冬季活动。
蓝舌病病毒和施马伦贝格病毒在欧洲的主要传播媒介是咬蠓科(双翅目:Ceratopogonidae)的Obsoletus群和Pulicaris群。关于这些虫媒病毒的越冬策略存在争议,病媒物种的持续活动和冬季不间断的传播周期是一种合理的解释。虽然有关库里科虫冬季活动的数据相对较少,但成虫不活动或几乎不活动的季节性无病媒期(SVFP)值得怀疑。为了根据欧盟委员会第 1266/2007 号法规确定冬季活动并定义 SVFP,2019/2020 年和 2020/2021 年 10 月至 4 月期间,在德国 16 个农场的马厩内外使用紫外线诱捕器每周诱捕 Culicoides 成虫。每个诱捕地点都定期测量温度,因为温度是已知的咬蠓活动的驱动因素。在 960 次室内和室外捕获活动中,共诱捕到 32,377 只咬螨,根据形态鉴定,其中 90.9% 属于 Obsoletus 组,6.1% 属于 Pulicaris Complex,3.0% 属于 "其他咬螨"。大部分(61.3%)Culicoides 是在室内捕获的,在 10 月至 12 月、3 月和 4 月收集到大量标本,而在 1 月和 2 月只有少量或没有标本。咬蠓在室内几乎整个冬季都很活跃。在室外,从 10 月到 12 月,Culicoides 的数量有所减少,1 月到 3 月捕获的标本很少或没有,而 4 月捕获的标本数量较多。在收集到的库里科蝇中,有 2028 头是血食的,其中 94.6% 是在马厩中捕获的。室内 SVFP(尽管计算的是吸血雌虫而非雌虫)在 2019/2020 年冬季持续了近 4 个月(11 月下旬至 3 月中),在 2020/2021 年冬季持续了 2 个月(1 月和 2 月)。室外 SVFP 几乎覆盖了两个冬季的整个研究期间,但在开始和结束时略有不同。库利科昆虫的活动明显取决于温度。在平均温度为 7.4°C(最低 0.3°C)的条件下捕捉到了 Obsoletus 类标本,在平均温度为 10.3°C(最低 1.2°C)的条件下捕捉到了 Pulicaris Complex 类标本。与室外相比,马厩内达到这些温度的时间更长。室内平均温度比室外平均温度高 1.2 K,但绝对温差高达 9.0 K。根据库里科德虫的活动情况,本研究结果表明,冬季牲畜舍内几乎持续存在病毒传播的可能性。
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来源期刊
Medical and Veterinary Entomology
Medical and Veterinary Entomology 农林科学-昆虫学
CiteScore
3.70
自引率
5.30%
发文量
65
审稿时长
12-24 weeks
期刊介绍: Medical and Veterinary Entomology is the leading periodical in its field. The Journal covers the biology and control of insects, ticks, mites and other arthropods of medical and veterinary importance. The main strengths of the Journal lie in the fields of: -epidemiology and transmission of vector-borne pathogens changes in vector distribution that have impact on the pathogen transmission- arthropod behaviour and ecology- novel, field evaluated, approaches to biological and chemical control methods- host arthropod interactions. Please note that we do not consider submissions in forensic entomology.
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