Methodologies to elicit and record pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials in adult humans: A systematic review

Abstract

Objective

The purpose of this systematic review was to characterize methodologies reported in the literature to elicit and record pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in human adults.

Methods

We conducted an electronic literature search in MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, and CINAHL for studies that elicited pudendal SEPs via electrical stimulation and recorded responses though electroencephalography. From included studies, we extracted methodological details of how the SEPs were evoked and recorded.

Results

132 studies were included in our review. The majority of participants were male (n = 6742/8526, 79%). Almost all studies stimulated the dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris. Stimulus parameters varied, with most standardizing stimulus intensity to 2-4x perceptual threshold, pulse duration to 0.1–0.2 ms, and frequency to 3 Hz. The number of stimuli recorded varied by clinical population.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate the inconsistencies of pudendal SEP methodology in the literature, with the majority (77%) of publications not reporting enough detail to reasonably replicate their protocol. Most research to date has been conducted in males, highlighting the paucity of female pelvic neurophysiology research.

Significance

We propose a Pudendal SEP Reporting Checklist for adequate reporting of pudendal SEP protocols. Optimal sex- and patient-specific methodologies to investigate all branches of the pudendal nerve need to be established.