Diet and gut microbiome: Impact of each factor and mutual interactions on prevention and treatment of type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes mellitus

IF 1.9 Q3 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Human Nutrition and Metabolism Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI:10.1016/j.hnm.2024.200286
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Abstract

The gut microbiota (GM) plays a key role in health by influencing several physiological functions, including the digestive process, the immune system, vitamin production, and mental health. Dysbiosis in gut microbial composition and function has been linked to systemic inflammatory response and the development of metabolic diseases, including diabetes mellitus (DM). "Leaky gut" resulting from dysbiosis causes endotoxemia, leading to systemic inflammation and insulin resistance, which are pathogenetic agents of type 2 and gestational DM. Moreover, in children, gut dysbiosis has been associated with the immunitary dysregulation with increased risk of autoimmunity and development of type 1 DM. However, dietary changes in the GM and their role in DM are poorly understood. Plant-based diets that are low in fat and high in fiber have been associated with beneficial effects on the GM. Clinical trials of prebiotics and probiotics have shown promising, albeit mixed, results. This narrative review summarizes recent findings on the relationship between the GM, diet, and DM, focusing on the systems in which the microbiota is involved in the pathogenesis of this disease and its potential use as a therapy. In addition, we discuss immune dysfunction associated with gut dysbiosis and its role in type 1, type 2, and gestational DM. Further research is needed to evaluate the GM as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of DM.

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饮食与肠道微生物群:各因素及相互影响对 1 型、2 型和妊娠糖尿病预防和治疗的影响
肠道微生物群(GM)通过影响多种生理功能,包括消化过程、免疫系统、维生素生成和心理健康,在健康中发挥着关键作用。肠道微生物组成和功能失调与全身炎症反应和代谢性疾病(包括糖尿病)的发生有关。菌群失调导致的 "肠道泄漏 "会引起内毒素血症,导致全身炎症和胰岛素抵抗,这是 2 型糖尿病和妊娠糖尿病的致病因素。此外,在儿童中,肠道菌群失调与免疫功能失调有关,会增加自身免疫和发展成 1 型糖尿病的风险。然而,人们对转基因饮食的变化及其在糖尿病中的作用知之甚少。低脂肪、高纤维的植物性膳食对 GM 有益。益生元和益生菌的临床试验结果虽然参差不齐,但都很有前景。这篇叙述性综述总结了有关基因改造、饮食和糖尿病之间关系的最新研究成果,重点关注微生物群参与该疾病发病机制的系统及其作为治疗手段的潜力。此外,我们还讨论了与肠道菌群失调相关的免疫功能障碍及其在 1 型、2 型和妊娠 DM 中的作用。还需要进一步的研究来评估将转基因作为预防和治疗 DM 的潜在治疗靶点的可能性。
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来源期刊
Human Nutrition and Metabolism
Human Nutrition and Metabolism Agricultural and Biological Sciences-Food Science
CiteScore
1.50
自引率
0.00%
发文量
30
审稿时长
188 days
期刊最新文献
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