How Phenograms and Cladograms Became Molecular Phylogenetic Trees.

IF 0.7 1区 哲学 Q4 BIOLOGY Journal of the History of Biology Pub Date : 2024-09-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-30 DOI:10.1007/s10739-024-09782-8
Nina Kranke
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Abstract

Tree diagrams are the prevailing form of visualization in biological classification and phylogenetics. Already during the time of the so-called Systematist Wars from the mid-1960s until the 1980s most journal articles and textbooks published by systematists contained tree diagrams. Although this episode of systematics is well studied by historians and philosophers of biology, most analyses prioritize scientific theories over practices and tend to emphasize conflicting theoretical assumptions. In this article, I offer an alternative perspective by viewing the conflict through the lens of representational practices with a case study on tree diagrams that were used by numerical taxonomists (phenograms) and cladists (cladograms). I argue that the current state of molecular phylogenetics should not be interpreted as the result of a competition of views within systematics. Instead, molecular phylogenetics arose independently of systematics and elements of cladistics and phenetics were integrated into the framework of molecular phylogenetics, facilitated by the compatibility of phenetic and cladistic practices with the quantitative approach of molecular phylogenetics. My study suggests that this episode of scientific change is more complex than common narratives of battles and winners or conflicts and compromises. Today, cladograms are still used and interpreted as specific types of molecular phylogenetic trees. While phenograms and cladograms represented different forms of knowledge during the time of the Systematist Wars, today they are both used to represent evolutionary relationships. This indicates that diagrams are versatile elements of scientific practice that can change their meaning, depending on the context of use within theoretical frameworks.

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表型图和支系图是如何成为分子系统树的
树状图是生物分类学和系统发生学中最常用的可视化形式。从 20 世纪 60 年代中期到 80 年代的所谓 "系统学战争 "期间,系统学家出版的大多数期刊文章和教科书都包含树图。尽管生物学历史学家和哲学家对系统学的这一插曲进行了深入研究,但大多数分析都将科学理论置于实践之上,并倾向于强调相互冲突的理论假设。在本文中,我提供了另一种视角,通过对数字分类学家(表图)和支系学家(支系图)使用的树图进行案例研究,从表征实践的角度来看待这一冲突。我认为,分子系统发生学的现状不应被解释为系统学内部观点竞争的结果。相反,分子系统发育学是独立于系统学而产生的,支系学和表型学的要素被整合到分子系统发育学的框架中,表型学和支系学的实践与分子系统发育学的定量方法相兼容,从而促进了分子系统发育学的发展。我的研究表明,这一科学变革的插曲要比常见的战斗和胜利者或冲突和妥协的叙述更为复杂。今天,支系图仍被作为特定类型的分子系统发生树来使用和解释。虽然表型图和支系图在系统论战争时期代表了不同形式的知识,但今天它们都被用来表示进化关系。这表明,图表是科学实践中的多用途元素,可以根据理论框架内的使用环境改变其含义。
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来源期刊
Journal of the History of Biology
Journal of the History of Biology 生物-科学史与科学哲学
CiteScore
1.40
自引率
12.50%
发文量
29
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: The Journal of the History of Biology is devoted to the history of the life sciences, with additional interest and concern in philosophical and social issues confronting biology in its varying historical contexts. While all historical epochs are welcome, particular attention has been paid in recent years to developments during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. JHB is a recognized forum for scholarship on Darwin, but pieces that connect Darwinism with broader social and intellectual issues in the life sciences are especially encouraged. The journal serves both the working biologist who needs a full understanding of the historical and philosophical bases of the field and the historian of biology interested in following developments and making historiographical connections with the history of science.
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