Binocularly incongruent, multifrequency-coded SSVEP in VR: feasibility and characteristics.

Liuyin Yang, Qiang Sun, Marc M Van Hulle
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Abstract

Objective.Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) in response to flickering stimuli are popular in brain-computer interfacing but their implementation in virtual reality (VR) offers new opportunities also for clinical applications. While traditional SSVEP target selection relies on single-frequency stimulation of both eyes simultaneously, further called congruent stimulation, recent studies attempted to improve the information transfer rate by using dual-frequency-coded SSVEP where each eye is presented with a stimulus flickering at a different frequency, further called incongruent stimulation. However, few studies have investigated incongruent multifrequency-coded SSVEP (MultiIncong-SSVEP).Approach.This paper reports on a systematical investigation of incongruent dual-, triple-, and quadruple-frequency-coded SSVEP for use in VR, several of which are entirely novel, and compares their performance with that of congruent dual-frequency-coded SSVEP.Main results.We were able to confirm the presence of a summation effect when comparing monocular- and binocular single-frequency congruent stimulation, and a suppression effect when comparing monocular- and binocular dual-frequency incongruent stimulation, as both tap into the binocular vision capabilities which, when hampered, could signal amblyopia.Significance.In sum, our findings not only evidence the potential of VR-based binocularly incongruent SSVEP but also underscore the importance of paradigm choice and decoder design to optimize system performance and user comfort.

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VR 中双眼不一致、多频编码的 SSVEP:可行性和特征。
目的:响应闪烁刺激的稳态视觉诱发电位(SSVEPs)在脑机接口(BCI)中很受欢迎,但在虚拟现实(VR)中的应用也为临床应用提供了新的机遇。传统的 SSVEP 目标选择依赖于对双眼同时进行单频刺激(又称同频刺激),而最近的研究则试图通过使用双频编码 SSVEP 来提高信息传输率,即每只眼睛接受不同频率的闪烁刺激(又称非同频刺激)。然而,很少有研究对不协调的多频率编码 SSVEP(MultiIncong-SSVEP)进行调查:本文报告了对用于 VR 的不协调双频、三频和四频编码 SSVEP 的系统性研究,其中有几项研究是完全新颖的,并将它们的性能与协调双频编码 SSVEP 的性能进行了比较:主要结果:在比较单眼和双眼单频同调刺激时,我们能够证实存在相加效应;在比较单眼和双眼双频不同调刺激时,我们能够证实存在抑制效应:总之,我们的研究结果不仅证明了基于 VR 的双眼不协调 SSVEP 的潜力,还强调了范例选择和解码器设计对于优化系统性能和用户舒适度的重要性。
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