A computational mechanistic study on the formation of aryl sulfonyl fluorides via Bi(III) redox-neutral catalysis and further rational design

Abstract

Sulfonyl fluorides hold significant importance as highly valued intermediates in chemical biology due to their optimal balance of biocompatibility with both aqueous stability and protein reactivity. The Cornella group introduced a one-pot strategy for synthesizing aryl sulfonyl fluorides via Bi(III) redox-neutral catalysis, which facilitates the transmetallation and direct insertion of SO₂ into the BiC(sp²) bond giving the aryl sulfonyl fluorides. We report herein a comprehensive computational investigation of the redox-neutral Bi(III) catalytic mechanism, disclose the critical role of the Bi(III) catalyst and base (i.e., K₃PO₄), and uncover the origin of SO₂ insertion into the Bi(III)C(sp²) bond. The entire catalysis can be characterized via three stages: (i) transmetallation generating the Bi(III)-phenyl intermediate IM3 facilitated by K₃PO₄. (ii) SO₂ insertion into IM3 leading to the formation of Bi(III)-OSOAr intermediate IM5. (iii) IM5 undergoes S(IV)-oxidation yielding the aryl sulfonyl fluoride product 4 and liberating the Bi(III) catalyst for the next catalytic cycle. Each stage is kinetically and thermodynamically feasible. Moreover, we explored other some small molecules (NO₂, CO₂, H₂O, N₂O, etc.) insertion reactions mediated by the Bi(III)-complex, and found that NO₂ insertions could be easily achieved due to the low insertion barriers (i.e., 17.5 kcal/mol). Based on the detailed mechanistic study, we further rationally designed additional Bi(III) and Sb(III) catalysts, and found that some of which exhibit promising potential for experimental realization due to their low barriers (<16.4 kcal/mol). In this regard, our study contributes significantly to enhancing current Bi(III)-catalytic systems and paving the way for novel Bi(III)-catalyzed aryl sulfonyl fluoride formation reactions.