Synthesis of Pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine Derivatives and Their In-Vitro and In-Silico Antidiabetic Activities

Abstract

In the current study, new pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine esters, hydrazides, and Schiff bases have been synthesized starting from 3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine. The first step involved solvent-free synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-6-carboxylate derivatives (2a–d) with 55%–70% yield in the minimum time frame compared with the conventional refluxing method, which was followed by the synthesis of corresponding hydrazides (3a–d) and hydrazones (4a–e). The structures of the synthesized derivatives were confirmed using element analysis, FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and LC-MS techniques. Synthesized hydrazides (3a–d) and hydrazones (4a–e) were also tested for their in-vitro antidiabetic activity and found that all the compounds exhibited significant antidiabetic activity, while 3c (IC₅₀ = 9.6 ± 0.5 μM) among the hydrazides and 4c (IC₅₀ = 13.9 ± 0.7 μM) among the hydrazones were found to be more active in comparison to other synthesized derivatives. These in-vitro results were further validated via docking studies against the α-amylase enzyme using the reference drug acarbose (200.1 ± 10.0 μM). The results were greatly in agreement with their in-vitro studies and these derivatives can be encouraging candidates for further in-vivo studies in mice models.