A wearable conductive hydrogel with triple network reinforcement inspired by bio-fibrous scaffolds for real-time quantitatively sensing compression force exerted on fruit surface.

Zhichao Yang, Ziqiang Qin, Menglu Wu, Haimin Hu, Pengcheng Nie, Yong Wang, Qilei Li, Di Wu, Yong He, Kunsong Chen
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Abstract

Introduction: Mechanical stresses incurred during post-harvest fruit storage and transportation profoundly impact decay and losses. Currently, the monitoring of mechanical forces is primarily focused on vibrational forces experienced by containers and vehicles and impact forces affecting containers. However, the detection of compressive forces both among interior fruit and between fruit and packaging surfaces remains deficient. Hence, conformable materials capable of sensing compressive stresses are necessary.

Objectives: In the present study, a triple-network-reinforced PSA/LiCl/CCN@AgNP conductive hydrogel was synthesized for compression force detection on fruit surfaces based on changes in intrinsic impedance under mechanical loading.

Methods: The conductive hydrogel was characterized in terms of its adhesion, mechanics, frost resistance, water retention, conductivity, mechanical force-sensing properties, and feasibility for monitoring mechanical forces. Then, a portable complex impedance recorder was developed to interface with the conductive hydrogel and its mechanical force sensing ability was evaluated.

Results: Beyond its inherent conductivity, the hydrogel exhibited notable pressure sensitivity within the strain range of 1 % to 80 %. The conductive hydrogel also demonstrated a commendable adhesion property, favorable tensile property (580 % elongation at break), substantial compressive strength and durability, and a long-term water retention capability. After exposure to -20 °C for 96 h, the hydrogel maintained its mechanical strength, affirming its anti-freezing property. In addition, a portable complex impedance recorder with sustained signal measurement stability was developed to quantitatively acquire the hydrogel resistance changes in response to compression forces. Finally, the effectiveness of the conductive hydrogel for sensing compression force on the surface of apple fruits was validated.

Conclusion: The conductive hydrogel holds promise for applications in smart packaging, wherein it can detect crucial mechanical stress on fruit, convert it into electrical signals, and further transmit these signals to the cloud, thereby enabling the real-time sensing of mechanical forces experienced by fruits and enhancing post-harvest fruit loss management.

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一种受生物纤维支架启发、具有三重网络增强功能的可穿戴导电水凝胶,用于实时定量感知施加在水果表面的压缩力。
简介水果采后贮藏和运输过程中产生的机械应力会对腐烂和损失产生深远影响。目前,对机械力的监测主要集中在容器和车辆所承受的振动力以及影响容器的冲击力上。然而,对水果内部以及水果与包装表面之间的压缩力的检测仍然不足。因此,需要能够感知压缩应力的保形材料:本研究合成了一种三重网状增强 PSA/LiCl/CCN@AgNP 导电水凝胶,用于根据机械负载下本征阻抗的变化检测水果表面的压缩力:方法:从粘附性、力学、抗冻性、保水性、导电性、机械力传感特性以及监测机械力的可行性等方面对导电水凝胶进行了表征。然后,开发了一种可与导电水凝胶连接的便携式复合阻抗记录仪,并对其机械力感应能力进行了评估:结果:除了其固有的导电性,水凝胶还在 1 % 到 80 % 的应变范围内表现出显著的压力灵敏度。导电水凝胶还表现出了值得称赞的粘附性、良好的拉伸性(断裂伸长率为 580%)、强大的抗压强度和耐久性以及长期的保水能力。在零下 20 摄氏度的环境中暴露 96 小时后,水凝胶仍能保持机械强度,证明了其抗冻性能。此外,还开发了一种具有持续信号测量稳定性的便携式复合阻抗记录仪,用于定量获取水凝胶在压缩力作用下的电阻变化。最后,验证了导电水凝胶在苹果果实表面感应压缩力的有效性:导电水凝胶有望应用于智能包装,它可以检测水果上的关键机械应力,将其转化为电信号,并进一步将这些信号传输到云端,从而实现对水果所受机械力的实时检测,加强采后水果损失管理。
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