An Opioid-Sparing Pain Protocol of Intravenous and Oral Ketorolac Reduces Opioid Consumption and Pain Levels After Arthroscopic Meniscus Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

Purpose

To compare ketorolac to oxycodone-acetaminophen with respect to pain and opioid consumption after arthroscopic meniscus surgery. The secondary purpose was to compare short-term functional outcomes between the 2 protocols.

Methods

A power analysis demonstrated that 43 patients were required. In this randomized control trial, patients with meniscal pathology undergoing arthroscopic meniscus surgery were included. Group 1 received oxycodone-acetaminophen alone. Group 2 received 1 dose of intravenous ketorolac intraoperatively, oral ketorolac upon discharge, and “rescue” oxycodone-acetaminophen. Patients recorded the number of opioid tablets consumed and visual analog pain scale (VAS) scores 3 times per day for 5 days postoperatively. Opioids were converted to morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs). VAS, Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score were obtained.

Results

Forty-eight patients were randomized. There were 25 patients in the control group and 23 patients in the ketorolac group. The mean (SD) age was 47.9 (14.3) years. Fifty-two percent (n = 25) of the population were female. Three patients (6.3%) underwent meniscal repair. During the first 5 days postoperatively, the mean VAS score (β = –13.2, SE = 5.97, P = .029) and the MMEs consumed were significantly lower (β = –4.7, SE = 1.93, P = .015) per time point in the ketorolac group relative to the control group. The control group had better Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale (mean [SD] 80.6 [18.5] vs 65 [21.5], P = .016) and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (mean [SD], 74.1 [16.7] vs 61.9 [18.6], P = .029) scores at 6 weeks. There were no significant differences in the rates of side effects.

Conclusions

An opioid-sparing pain protocol of intravenous and oral ketorolac is associated with significant reductions in VAS scores and MME consumption in the first 5 days after arthroscopic meniscus surgery. There were significant differences in patient-reported outcomes at final follow-up, favoring the control group. There were no significant differences in adverse reactions and side effects.

Level of Evidence

Level II, prospective randomized controlled trial.