{"title":"Ability of Different Flavonols and Commercial Mannoproteins to Enhance Wine Colour through Copigmentation","authors":"Cristina Alcalde-Eon, María-Teresa Escribano-Bailón, Ignacio García-Estévez","doi":"10.1155/2024/6822967","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div>\n <p>Copigmentation is a noncovalent interaction between anthocyanins and colourless copigments that stabilises the anthocyanin-coloured forms by protecting them against water attack. Copigmentation can be responsible for almost half of the colour observed in young red wines. It has been reported that flavonols are the most effective wine copigments, but studies on the influence of the structure of these copigments on the magnitude of copigmentation are scarce. However, flavonol profiles change with grape variety and can condition the colour of the resulting wines. In addition, mannoproteins (MPs) have been reported to interact with flavonoids, which, consequently, might affect the flavonol-anthocyanin interaction. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the ability of five grape flavonols (isorhamnetin, kaempferol, quercetin, syringetin, and myricetin 3-<i>O</i>-glucosides: I-3-glc, K-3-glc, Q-3-glc, S-3-glc, and My-3-glc) by conventional spectrophotometric measurements and CIELAB analysis to copigment with malvidin 3-<i>O</i>-glucoside (mv-3-glc) in the absence or presence of five different MPs (binary and ternary model systems). Among the tested flavonols, I-3-glc was the most effective copigment, whereas K-3-glc was the least one. S-3-glc and Q-3-glc showed intermediate effectiveness, but that of S-3-glc was closer to I-3-glc and that of Q-3-glc to K-3-glc. These results point out that the presence of methoxyl groups in the B-ring of the flavonol increases copigmentation magnitude. The participation of My-3-glc in copigmentation interactions seemed to be hindered by its colloidal instability. Regarding the tested MPs, they did not provoke a direct copigmentation effect, but were able to modify the magnitude of the interaction between the flavonols and the anthocyanin and, in some cases, the colloidal behaviour of coloured aggregates formed over time. Finally, the results of the additional HPLC-DAD analyses point to a greater protection of the anthocyanin against degradation in the model systems where the magnitude of copigmentation was greater.</p>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":8582,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/6822967","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2024/6822967","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Copigmentation is a noncovalent interaction between anthocyanins and colourless copigments that stabilises the anthocyanin-coloured forms by protecting them against water attack. Copigmentation can be responsible for almost half of the colour observed in young red wines. It has been reported that flavonols are the most effective wine copigments, but studies on the influence of the structure of these copigments on the magnitude of copigmentation are scarce. However, flavonol profiles change with grape variety and can condition the colour of the resulting wines. In addition, mannoproteins (MPs) have been reported to interact with flavonoids, which, consequently, might affect the flavonol-anthocyanin interaction. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the ability of five grape flavonols (isorhamnetin, kaempferol, quercetin, syringetin, and myricetin 3-O-glucosides: I-3-glc, K-3-glc, Q-3-glc, S-3-glc, and My-3-glc) by conventional spectrophotometric measurements and CIELAB analysis to copigment with malvidin 3-O-glucoside (mv-3-glc) in the absence or presence of five different MPs (binary and ternary model systems). Among the tested flavonols, I-3-glc was the most effective copigment, whereas K-3-glc was the least one. S-3-glc and Q-3-glc showed intermediate effectiveness, but that of S-3-glc was closer to I-3-glc and that of Q-3-glc to K-3-glc. These results point out that the presence of methoxyl groups in the B-ring of the flavonol increases copigmentation magnitude. The participation of My-3-glc in copigmentation interactions seemed to be hindered by its colloidal instability. Regarding the tested MPs, they did not provoke a direct copigmentation effect, but were able to modify the magnitude of the interaction between the flavonols and the anthocyanin and, in some cases, the colloidal behaviour of coloured aggregates formed over time. Finally, the results of the additional HPLC-DAD analyses point to a greater protection of the anthocyanin against degradation in the model systems where the magnitude of copigmentation was greater.
期刊介绍:
The Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research provides a forum for the exchange of information about new and significant research in viticulture, oenology and related fields, and aims to promote these disciplines throughout the world. The Journal publishes results from original research in all areas of viticulture and oenology. This includes issues relating to wine, table and drying grape production; grapevine and rootstock biology, genetics, diseases and improvement; viticultural practices; juice and wine production technologies; vine and wine microbiology; quality effects of processing, packaging and inputs; wine chemistry; sensory science and consumer preferences; and environmental impacts of grape and wine production. Research related to other fermented or distilled beverages may also be considered. In addition to full-length research papers and review articles, short research or technical papers presenting new and highly topical information derived from a complete study (i.e. not preliminary data) may also be published. Special features and supplementary issues comprising the proceedings of workshops and conferences will appear periodically.