It's raining PFAS in South Florida: Occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in wet atmospheric deposition from Miami-Dade, South Florida

IF 3.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Atmospheric Pollution Research Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI:10.1016/j.apr.2024.102302
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Abstract

Atmospheric deposition plays a crucial role in the fate and transport of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), especially in areas far from production sites. It could be comparable to or exceed point source inputs. This study assessed the occurrence and composition of legacy and emergent PFAS in wet deposition in the Miami-Dade area, South Florida. Rainwater samples were collected from three locations in Miami-Dade County between 2021 and November 2022 (N = 42), The sample preparation methodology was validated, involving solid phase extraction (SPE) using a weak anion exchange (WAX) cartridge, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using isotopically labeled internal standards. The results indicate that 74 % of the major components were perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), while 12 % were perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs). Specifically, perfluoro-n-butanoic acid (PFBA) was the most frequently detected compound, detected in 95 % of the samples. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) levels detected are above EPA-updated health advisory levels for drinking water, averaging 0.24 ng L−1 and 0.32 ng L−1, respectively. PFOS and PFOA fluxes in the Southeast were similar to those reported in the Northeast United States. Compounds such as perfluoro-1-hexanesulfonate (4:2 FTS), perfluoro-1-octanesulfonate (6:2 FTS), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), PFOA, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) showed significant seasonal variation, with higher concentrations during the dry season. The perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA)/PFOA and PFOA/PFNA ratios suggest a mixture of point and non-point sources in rainwater. Air mass simulation indicated that contribution from Northwestern influences the increase in the sum of PFAS.

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南佛罗里达州下起了 PFAS 雨:南佛罗里达州迈阿密-戴德的湿大气沉积物中出现的全氟和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS)
大气沉降在全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 的归宿和迁移中起着至关重要的作用,尤其是在远离生产基地的地区。它可以与点源输入相媲美,甚至超过点源输入。本研究评估了南佛罗里达州迈阿密-戴德地区湿沉降物中遗留的和新出现的全氟烷基化合物的出现和组成。2021 年至 2022 年 11 月期间,从迈阿密-戴德县的三个地点采集了雨水样本(N = 42),并对样本制备方法进行了验证,包括使用弱阴离子交换(WAX)滤芯进行固相萃取 (SPE),然后使用同位素标记的内标进行液相色谱-串联质谱分析 (LC-MS/MS)。结果表明,74% 的主要成分为全氟烷基羧酸 (PFCAs),12% 为全氟烷基磺酸 (PFSA)。具体来说,全氟正丁酸(PFBA)是最常检测到的化合物,在 95% 的样品中都能检测到。检测到的全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)含量高于美国环保局更新的饮用水健康建议水平,平均值分别为 0.24 纳克/升和 0.32 纳克/升。东南部的全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛酸通量与美国东北部报告的情况相似。全氟-1-己烷磺酸(4:2 FTS)、全氟-1-辛烷磺酸(6:2 FTS)、全氟己酸(PFHxA)、全氟己烷磺酸(PFHxS)、全氟辛酸(PFOA)、全氟壬酸(PFNA)和全氟癸酸(PFDA)等化合物显示出显著的季节性变化,旱季浓度较高。全氟庚酸 (PFHpA)/PFOA 和全氟辛酸 (PFOA/PFNA) 的比率表明,雨水中存在点源和非点源的混合物。气团模拟表明,西北地区的贡献影响了 PFAS 总量的增加。
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来源期刊
Atmospheric Pollution Research
Atmospheric Pollution Research ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES-
CiteScore
8.30
自引率
6.70%
发文量
256
审稿时长
36 days
期刊介绍: Atmospheric Pollution Research (APR) is an international journal designed for the publication of articles on air pollution. Papers should present novel experimental results, theory and modeling of air pollution on local, regional, or global scales. Areas covered are research on inorganic, organic, and persistent organic air pollutants, air quality monitoring, air quality management, atmospheric dispersion and transport, air-surface (soil, water, and vegetation) exchange of pollutants, dry and wet deposition, indoor air quality, exposure assessment, health effects, satellite measurements, natural emissions, atmospheric chemistry, greenhouse gases, and effects on climate change.
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