It's raining PFAS in South Florida: Occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in wet atmospheric deposition from Miami-Dade, South Florida
{"title":"It's raining PFAS in South Florida: Occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in wet atmospheric deposition from Miami-Dade, South Florida","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2024.102302","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Atmospheric deposition plays a crucial role in the fate and transport of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), especially in areas far from production sites. It could be comparable to or exceed point source inputs. This study assessed the occurrence and composition of legacy and emergent PFAS in wet deposition in the Miami-Dade area, South Florida. Rainwater samples were collected from three locations in Miami-Dade County between 2021 and November 2022 (N = 42), The sample preparation methodology was validated, involving solid phase extraction (SPE) using a weak anion exchange (WAX) cartridge, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using isotopically labeled internal standards. The results indicate that 74 % of the major components were perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), while 12 % were perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs). Specifically, perfluoro-n-butanoic acid (PFBA) was the most frequently detected compound, detected in 95 % of the samples. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) levels detected are above EPA-updated health advisory levels for drinking water, averaging 0.24 ng L<sup>−1</sup> and 0.32 ng L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. PFOS and PFOA fluxes in the Southeast were similar to those reported in the Northeast United States. Compounds such as perfluoro-1-hexanesulfonate (4:2 FTS), perfluoro-1-octanesulfonate (6:2 FTS), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), PFOA, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) showed significant seasonal variation, with higher concentrations during the dry season. The perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA)/PFOA and PFOA/PFNA ratios suggest a mixture of point and non-point sources in rainwater. Air mass simulation indicated that contribution from Northwestern influences the increase in the sum of PFAS.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1309104224002678","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition plays a crucial role in the fate and transport of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), especially in areas far from production sites. It could be comparable to or exceed point source inputs. This study assessed the occurrence and composition of legacy and emergent PFAS in wet deposition in the Miami-Dade area, South Florida. Rainwater samples were collected from three locations in Miami-Dade County between 2021 and November 2022 (N = 42), The sample preparation methodology was validated, involving solid phase extraction (SPE) using a weak anion exchange (WAX) cartridge, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using isotopically labeled internal standards. The results indicate that 74 % of the major components were perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), while 12 % were perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs). Specifically, perfluoro-n-butanoic acid (PFBA) was the most frequently detected compound, detected in 95 % of the samples. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) levels detected are above EPA-updated health advisory levels for drinking water, averaging 0.24 ng L−1 and 0.32 ng L−1, respectively. PFOS and PFOA fluxes in the Southeast were similar to those reported in the Northeast United States. Compounds such as perfluoro-1-hexanesulfonate (4:2 FTS), perfluoro-1-octanesulfonate (6:2 FTS), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), PFOA, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) showed significant seasonal variation, with higher concentrations during the dry season. The perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA)/PFOA and PFOA/PFNA ratios suggest a mixture of point and non-point sources in rainwater. Air mass simulation indicated that contribution from Northwestern influences the increase in the sum of PFAS.
期刊介绍:
Atmospheric Pollution Research (APR) is an international journal designed for the publication of articles on air pollution. Papers should present novel experimental results, theory and modeling of air pollution on local, regional, or global scales. Areas covered are research on inorganic, organic, and persistent organic air pollutants, air quality monitoring, air quality management, atmospheric dispersion and transport, air-surface (soil, water, and vegetation) exchange of pollutants, dry and wet deposition, indoor air quality, exposure assessment, health effects, satellite measurements, natural emissions, atmospheric chemistry, greenhouse gases, and effects on climate change.